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Translinear Circuit
A translinear circuit is a circuit that carries out its function using the translinear principle. These are current-mode circuits that can be made using transistors that obey an exponential current-voltage characteristic—this includes BJTs and CMOS transistors in weak inversion. Translinearity, in broad sense, is linear dependence of transconductance on current, which occurs in components with exponential current-voltage relationship. History and etymology The word translinear (TL) was invented by Barrie Gilbert in 1975 to describe circuits that used the exponential current-voltage relation of BJTs. By using this exponential relationship, this class of circuits can implement multiplication, amplification and power-law relationships. When Barrie Gilbert described this class of circuits he also described the translinear principle (TLP) which made the analysis of these circuits possible in a way that the simplified view of BJTs as linear current amplifiers did not allow. TLP was la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exponential Function
The exponential function is a mathematical function denoted by f(x)=\exp(x) or e^x (where the argument is written as an exponent). Unless otherwise specified, the term generally refers to the positive-valued function of a real variable, although it can be extended to the complex numbers or generalized to other mathematical objects like matrices or Lie algebras. The exponential function originated from the notion of exponentiation (repeated multiplication), but modern definitions (there are several equivalent characterizations) allow it to be rigorously extended to all real arguments, including irrational numbers. Its ubiquitous occurrence in pure and applied mathematics led mathematician Walter Rudin to opine that the exponential function is "the most important function in mathematics". The exponential function satisfies the exponentiation identity e^ = e^x e^y \text x,y\in\mathbb, which, along with the definition e = \exp(1), shows that e^n=\underbrace_ for positi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biased Stacked TL Squaring
Bias is an inclination toward something, or a predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, or predilection. Bias may also refer to: Scientific method and statistics * The bias introduced into an experiment through a confounder * Algorithmic bias, machine learning algorithms that exhibit politically unacceptable behavior * Cultural bias, interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture * Funding bias, bias relative to the commercial interests of a study's financial sponsor * Infrastructure bias, the influence of existing social or scientific infrastructure on scientific observations * Publication bias, bias toward publication of certain experimental results * Bias (statistics), the systematic distortion of a statistic ** Biased sample, a sample falsely taken to be typical of a population ** Estimator bias, a bias from an estimator whose expectation differs from the true value of the parameter * Personal equation, a concept in 19th- and ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Root Mean Square
In mathematics and its applications, the root mean square of a set of numbers x_i (abbreviated as RMS, or rms and denoted in formulas as either x_\mathrm or \mathrm_x) is defined as the square root of the mean square (the arithmetic mean of the squares) of the set. The RMS is also known as the quadratic mean (denoted M_2) and is a particular case of the generalized mean. The RMS of a continuously varying function (denoted f_\mathrm) can be defined in terms of an integral of the squares of the instantaneous values during a cycle. For alternating electric current, RMS is equal to the value of the constant direct current that would produce the same power dissipation in a resistive load. In estimation theory, the root-mean-square deviation of an estimator is a measure of the imperfection of the fit of the estimator to the data. Definition The RMS value of a set of values (or a continuous-time waveform) is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the values, or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operational Amplifier
An operational amplifier (often op amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. In this configuration, an op amp produces an output potential (relative to circuit ground) that is typically 100,000 times larger than the potential difference between its input terminals. The operational amplifier traces its origin and name to analog computers, where they were used to perform mathematical operations in linear, non-linear, and frequency-dependent circuits. The popularity of the op amp as a building block in analog circuits is due to its versatility. By using negative feedback, the characteristics of an op-amp circuit, its gain, input and output impedance, bandwidth etc. are determined by external components and have little dependence on temperature coefficients or engineering tolerance in the op amp itself. Op amps are used widely in electronic devices today, including a vast array of consu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Current Conveyor
A current conveyor is an abstraction for a three-terminal Analogue electronics, analogue electronic device. It is a form of electronic amplifier with unity Gain (electronics), gain. There are three versions of generations of the Idealization (science philosophy), idealised device, CCI, CCII and CCIII. When configured with other circuit elements, real current conveyors can perform many analogue signal processing functions, in a similar manner to the way op-amps and the ideal concept of the op-amp are used. History When Adel Sedra, Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith, Smith first introduced the current conveyor in 1968, it was not clear what the benefits of the concept would be. The idea of the op-amp had been well known since the 1940s, and integrated circuit manufacturers were better able to capitalise on this widespread knowledge within the electronics industry. Monolithic current conveyor implementations were not introduced, and the op-amp became widely implemented. Since the early 2000s, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biased Alt TL Twoquadmult2
Bias is an inclination toward something, or a predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, or predilection. Bias may also refer to: Scientific method and statistics * The bias introduced into an experiment through a confounder * Algorithmic bias, machine learning algorithms that exhibit politically unacceptable behavior * Cultural bias, interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture * Funding bias, bias relative to the commercial interests of a study's financial sponsor * Infrastructure bias, the influence of existing social or scientific infrastructure on scientific observations * Publication bias, bias toward publication of certain experimental results * Bias (statistics), the systematic distortion of a statistic ** Biased sample, a sample falsely taken to be typical of a population ** Estimator bias, a bias from an estimator whose expectation differs from the true value of the parameter * Personal equation, a concept in 19th- and ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biased Alt TL Twoquadmult
Bias is an inclination toward something, or a predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, or predilection. Bias may also refer to: Scientific method and statistics * The bias introduced into an experiment through a confounder * Algorithmic bias, machine learning algorithms that exhibit politically unacceptable behavior * Cultural bias, interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture * Funding bias, bias relative to the commercial interests of a study's financial sponsor * Infrastructure bias, the influence of existing social or scientific infrastructure on scientific observations * Publication bias, bias toward publication of certain experimental results * Bias (statistics), the systematic distortion of a statistic ** Biased sample, a sample falsely taken to be typical of a population ** Estimator bias, a bias from an estimator whose expectation differs from the true value of the parameter * Personal equation, a concept in 19th- and ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unbiased Alt TL Twoquadmult
Bias is a disproportionate weight ''in favor of'' or ''against'' an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial, or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned. People may develop biases for or against an individual, a group, or a belief. In science and engineering, a bias is a systematic error. Statistical bias results from an unfair sampling of a population, or from an estimation process that does not give accurate results on average. Etymology The word appears to derive from Old Provençal into Old French ''biais'', "sideways, askance, against the grain". Whence comes French ''biais'', "a slant, a slope, an oblique". It seems to have entered English via the game of bowls, where it referred to balls made with a greater weight on one side. Which expanded to the figurative use, "a one-sided tendency of the mind", and, at first especially in law, "undue propensity or prejudice". Types of bias Cognitive biases A cognitive bias is a repeating or basic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biased Alt TL Squaring2
Bias is an inclination toward something, or a predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, or predilection. Bias may also refer to: Scientific method and statistics * The bias introduced into an experiment through a confounder * Algorithmic bias, machine learning algorithms that exhibit politically unacceptable behavior * Cultural bias, interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture * Funding bias, bias relative to the commercial interests of a study's financial sponsor * Infrastructure bias, the influence of existing social or scientific infrastructure on scientific observations * Publication bias, bias toward publication of certain experimental results * Bias (statistics), the systematic distortion of a statistic ** Biased sample, a sample falsely taken to be typical of a population ** Estimator bias, a bias from an estimator whose expectation differs from the true value of the parameter * Personal equation, a concept in 19th- and ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CMOS Transistor
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS, pronounced "sea-moss", ) is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. CMOS technology is used for constructing integrated circuit (IC) chips, including microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory chips (including CMOS BIOS), and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for analog circuits such as image sensors (CMOS sensors), data converters, RF circuits (RF CMOS), and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication. The CMOS process was originally conceived by Frank Wanlass at Fairchild Semiconductor and presented by Wanlass and Chih-Tang Sah at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference in 1963. Wanlass later filed US patent 3,356,858 for CMOS circuitry and it was granted in 1967. commercialized the technology with the trademark "COS-MO ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biased Alt TL Squaring
Bias is an inclination toward something, or a predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, or predilection. Bias may also refer to: Scientific method and statistics * The bias introduced into an experiment through a confounder * Algorithmic bias, machine learning algorithms that exhibit politically unacceptable behavior * Cultural bias, interpreting and judging phenomena in terms particular to one's own culture * Funding bias, bias relative to the commercial interests of a study's financial sponsor * Infrastructure bias, the influence of existing social or scientific infrastructure on scientific observations * Publication bias, bias toward publication of certain experimental results * Bias (statistics), the systematic distortion of a statistic ** Biased sample, a sample falsely taken to be typical of a population ** Estimator bias, a bias from an estimator whose expectation differs from the true value of the parameter * Personal equation, a concept in 19th- and ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
