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Transactional Interpretation
The transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics (TIQM) takes the wave function of the standard quantum formalism, and its complex conjugate, to be retarded (forward in time) and advanced (backward in time) waves that form a quantum interaction as a Wheeler–Feynman handshake or transaction. It was first proposed in 1986 by John G. Cramer, who argues that it helps in developing intuition for quantum processes. He also suggests that it avoids the philosophical problems with the Copenhagen interpretation and the role of the observer, and also resolves various quantum paradoxes. TIQM formed a minor plot point in his science fiction novel ''Einstein's Bridge''. More recently, he has also argued TIQM to be consistent with the Afshar experiment, while claiming that the Copenhagen interpretation and the many-worlds interpretation are not. The existence of both advanced and retarded waves as admissible solutions to Maxwell's equations was explored in the Wheeler–Feynman a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics
An interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics might correspond to experienced reality. Quantum mechanics has held up to rigorous and extremely precise tests in an extraordinarily broad range of experiments. However, there exist a number of contending schools of thought over their interpretation. These views on interpretation differ on such fundamental questions as whether quantum mechanics is deterministic or stochastic, local or non-local, which elements of quantum mechanics can be considered real, and what the nature of measurement is, among other matters. While some variation of the Copenhagen interpretation is commonly presented in textbooks, many other interpretations have been developed. Despite nearly a century of debate and experiment, no consensus has been reached among physicists and philosophers of physics concerning which interpretation best "represents" reality. History The definition of quantum t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruth Kastner
Ruth (or its variants) may refer to: Places France * Château de Ruthie, castle in the commune of Aussurucq in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département of France Switzerland * Ruth, a hamlet in Cologny United States * Ruth, Alabama * Ruth, Arkansas * Ruth, California * Ruth, Louisiana * Ruth, Kentucky * Ruth, Michigan * Ruth, Mississippi * Ruth, Nevada * Ruth, North Carolina * Ruth, Virginia * Ruth, Washington * Ruth, West Virginia In space * Ruth (lunar crater), crater on the Moon * Ruth (Venusian crater), crater on Venus * 798 Ruth, asteroid People * Ruth (biblical figure) * Ruth (given name) contains list of namesakes including fictional * Princess Ruth or Keʻelikōlani, (1826–1883), Hawaiian princess Surname * A. S. Ruth, American politician * Babe Ruth (1895–1948), American baseball player * Connie Ruth, American politician * Earl B. Ruth (1916–1989), American politician * Elizabeth Ruth, Canadian novelist * Heidi Ruth (born 1996), American soccer player ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Causal Sets
The causal sets program is an approach to quantum gravity. Its founding principles are that spacetime is fundamentally discrete (a collection of discrete spacetime points, called the elements of the causal set) and that spacetime events are related by a partial order. This partial order has the physical meaning of the causality relations between spacetime events. History For some decades after the formulation of general relativity, the attitude towards Lorentzian geometry was mostly dedicated to understanding its physical implications and not concerned with theoretical issues. However, early attempts to use causality as a starting point have been provided by Hermann Weyl and Hendrik Lorentz. Alfred Robb in two books in 1914 and 1936 suggested an axiomatic framework where the causal precedence played a critical role. The first explicit proposal of quantising the causal structure of spacetime is attributed by Sumati Surya to E. H. Kronheimer and Roger Penrose, who invented causal s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joel Lebowitz
Joel Louis Lebowitz (born May 10, 1930) is a mathematical physicist known for his contributions to statistical physics, statistical mechanics, and many other fields of mathematics and physics. He is a founding editor of the Journal of Statistical Physics and has served as president of the New York Academy of Sciences. Lebowitz is the George William Hill Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Rutgers University. He is also an active member of the human rights community and a co-chair of the Committee of Concerned Scientists. Biography Lebowitz was born in 1930 to a Jewish family in Taceva, Czechoslovakia (now Ukraine). During World War II he was deported with his family to Auschwitz, where his father, his mother, and his younger sister were killed in 1944 as a result of the Holocaust. After being liberated from the camp, he emigrated to the United States by boat, where he studied at an Orthodox Jewish school and Brooklyn College. He earned his PhD at Syracuse Unive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Bergmann
Peter Gabriel Bergmann (24 March 1915 – 19 October 2002) was a German-American physicist best known for his work with Albert Einstein on a unified field theory encompassing all physical interactions. He also introduced primary and secondary constraints into mechanics. Early life and education Bergmann was born into a Jewish family of Max Bergmann, a biochemistry professor, and Emmy Bergmann, a pediatrician in Berlin. His father would later be a professor of chemistry at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. He began college in 1931, at the age of 16, at ''Technische Hochschule'' (now TU Dresden) under the mentorship of Harry Dember. Bergmann obtained his PhD at the age of 21 from the German University in Prague in 1936 under the direction of Philipp Frank. Bergmann's family scattered all over the world during Nazi rule; his sister Clara stayed behind and ultimately was murdered at Auschwitz. Career Bergmann's association with Einstein began without his kn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yakir Aharonov
Yakir Aharonov (; born August 28, 1932) is an Israeli physicist specializing in quantum physics. He has been a Professor of Theoretical Physics and the James J. Farley Professor of Natural Philosophy at Chapman University in California since 2008. He was a distinguished professor in the Perimeter Institute between 2009-2012 and is a professor emeritus at Tel Aviv University and at University of South Carolina. He is president of the IYAR, The Israeli Institute for Advanced Research. In June 2024 he was elected to serve in the Royal Society of Londo6 Biography Yakir Aharonov was born in Haifa. He received his undergraduate education at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, graduating with a BSc in 1956. He continued his graduate studies at the Technion and then moved to Bristol University, UK together with his doctoral advisor David Bohm, receiving a Ph.D. degree in 1960. Aharonov later taught at the Brandeis University from 1960 to 1961 and the Yeshiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avshalom Elitzur
Avshalom Cyrus Elitzur (; born 30 May 1957), is an Iranian-born Israeli physicist and philosopher. Biography Avshalom Elitzur was born in Kerman, Iran, to a Jewish family. When he was two years old, his family immigrated to Israel and settled in Rehovot. He left school at the age of sixteen and began working as a laboratory technician at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot. Elitzur received no formal university training before obtaining his PhD. Elitzur had a relationship with journalist Timura Lessinger, with whom he has a daughter. Academic career Elitzur was a senior lecturer at the Unit for Interdisciplinary Studies, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel. He is noted for the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester experiment in quantum mechanics, which was publicised by Roger Penrose in his book '' Shadows of the Mind''. In 1987, he published ''Into the Holy of Holies: Psychoanalytic Insights into the Bible and Judaism''. That year, he was invited to present an unpublish ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Two-state Vector Formalism
The two-state vector formalism (TSVF) is a description of quantum mechanics in terms of a causal relation in which the present is caused by quantum states of the past and of the future taken in combination. Theory The two-state vector formalism is one example of a time-symmetric interpretation of quantum mechanics (see Interpretations of quantum mechanics). Time-symmetric interpretations of quantum mechanics were first suggested by Walter Schottky in 1921, and later by several other scientists. The two-state vector formalism was first developed by Satosi Watanabe in 1955, who named it the Double Inferential state-Vector Formalism (DIVF). Watanabe proposed that information given by forwards evolving quantum states is not complete; rather, both forwards and backwards evolving quantum states are required to describe a quantum state: a first state vector that evolves from the initial conditions towards the future, and a second state vector that evolves backwards in time from future bou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Born Rule
The Born rule is a postulate of quantum mechanics that gives the probability that a measurement of a quantum system will yield a given result. In one commonly used application, it states that the probability density for finding a particle at a given position is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the system's wavefunction at that position. It was formulated and published by German physicist Max Born in July 1926. Details The Born rule states that an observable, measured in a system with normalized wave function , \psi\rang (see Bra–ket notation), corresponds to a self-adjoint operator A whose spectrum is discrete if: * the measured result will be one of the eigenvalues \lambda of A, and * the probability of measuring a given eigenvalue \lambda_i will equal \lang\psi, P_i, \psi\rang, where P_i is the projection onto the eigenspace of A corresponding to \lambda_i. : (In the case where the eigenspace of A corresponding to \lambda_i is one-dimensional and spanned by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Block Universe
In the philosophy of space and time, eternalism is an approach to the ontological nature of time, which takes the view that all existence in time is equally ''real'', as opposed to presentism or the growing block universe theory of time, in which at least the future is not the same as any other time. Some forms of eternalism give time a similar ontology to that of space, as a dimension, with different times being as real as different places, and future events are "already there" in the same sense other places are already there, and that there is no objective flow of time. It is sometimes referred to as the "block time" or "block universe" theory due to its description of space-time as an unchanging four-dimensional "block", as opposed to the view of the world as a three-dimensional space modulated by the passage of time. The present In classical philosophy, time is divided into three distinct regions: the "past", the "present", and the "future". Using that representational m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bell Test Experiments
A Bell test, also known as Bell inequality test or Bell experiment, is a real-world physics experiment designed to test the theory of quantum mechanics in relation to Albert Einstein's concept of local realism. Named for John Stewart Bell, the experiments test whether or not the real world satisfies local realism, which requires the presence of some additional local variables (called "hidden" because they are not a feature of quantum theory) to explain the behavior of particles like photons and electrons. The test empirically evaluates the implications of Bell's theorem. , all Bell tests have found that the hypothesis of local hidden variables is inconsistent with the way that physical systems behave. Many types of Bell tests have been performed in physics laboratories, often with the goal of ameliorating problems of experimental design or set-up that could in principle affect the validity of the findings of earlier Bell tests. This is known as "closing loopholes in Bell tests". ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counterfactual Definiteness
In quantum mechanics, counterfactual definiteness (CFD) is the ability to speak "meaningfully" of the definiteness of the results of measurements that have not been performed (i.e., the ability to assume the existence of objects, and properties of objects, even when they have not been measured). The term " counterfactual definiteness" is used in discussions of physics calculations, especially those related to the phenomenon called quantum entanglement and those related to the Bell inequalities. In such discussions "meaningfully" means the ability to treat these unmeasured results on an equal footing with measured results in statistical calculations. It is this (sometimes assumed but unstated) aspect of counterfactual definiteness that is of direct relevance to physics and mathematical models of physical systems and not philosophical concerns regarding the meaning of unmeasured results. Overview The subject of counterfactual definiteness receives attention in the study of quantum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
