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Traffic Measurement (telecommunications)
Measurement of traffic within a network allows network managers and analysts to both make day-to-day decisions about operations and to plan for long-term developments.Penttinen A., ''Chapter 4 – Traffic Modelling and Measurements'', Lecture Notes: S-38.145 - Introduction to Teletraffic Theory, Helsinki University of Technology, Fall 1999.Kennedy I., ''Why Traffic Measurement? School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 2003 Traffic Measurements are used in many fundamental activities such as: *Identification of traffic patterns and trends *Calculating the traffic intensity in a specific circuit or group *Monitoring the service *Dimensioning and managing the network *Calculating tariffs *Performing forecasting *Dimensioning and managing the SS7 network *Checking the performance of the common channel signalling network The following sections will answer some fundamental questions about Traffic Measurement, such as: What should be measured; w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tele-information Services
Tele-information services are based on an alliance of digital telecommunication and computer technology that play an important role in inter-human communications. It is a classification of information flows broken down so that the presentation and information content are not confused with the character of the information flow. Tele-information services consist of four definable information traffic patterns being ''allocution'', ''conversation'', ''consultation'' and ''registration''. These information traffic patterns can be combined to form more complex multi-pattern services and networks made up of any number of information traffic patterns.Bordewijk, Jan L. and Van Kaam, Ben (2002) 986"Towards a New Classification of Tele-Information Services," in Denis McQuail (ed.) ''McQuail's Reader in Mass Communication Theory,'' Sage, London, pp. 113–124. Information traffic patterns * Allocution — the issue of information by an information service centre under programmatic control of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Traffic Intensity
In telecommunication networks, traffic intensity is a measure of the average occupancy of a server or resource during a specified period of time, normally a busy hour. It is measured in traffic units ( erlangs) and defined as the ratio of the time during which a facility is cumulatively occupied to the time this facility is available for occupancy. In a digital network, the traffic intensity is: : \frac where :''a'' is the average arrival rate of packets (e.g. in packets per second) :''L'' is the average packet length (e.g. in bits), and :''R'' is the transmission rate (e.g. bits per second) A traffic intensity greater than one erlang means that the rate at which bits arrive exceeds the rate bits can be transmitted and queuing delay will grow without bound (if the traffic intensity stays the same). If the traffic intensity is less than one erlang, then the router can handle more average traffic. Telecommunication operators are vitally interested in traffic intensity, as it dic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grade Of Service
In telecommunication engineering, and in particular teletraffic engineering, the quality of voice service is specified by two measures: the grade of service (GoS) and the quality of service (QoS). Grade of service is the probability of a call in a circuit ''group'' being blocked or delayed for more than a specified interval, expressed as a vulgar fraction or decimal fraction. This is always with reference to the busy hour when the traffic intensity is the greatest. Grade of service may be viewed independently from the perspective of incoming versus outgoing calls, and is not necessarily equal in each direction or between different source-destination pairs. "Grade of Service" sometimes means a measure of inbound call center traffic to verify adherence to conditions to measure the success of customers served. On the other hand, the quality of service which a ''single'' circuit is designed or conditioned to provide, e.g. voice grade or program grade is called the quality of service. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Telecommunications Forecasting
All telecommunications service providers perform forecasting calculations to assist them in planning their networks.Farr R.E., Telecommunications Traffic, Tariffs and Costs – An Introduction For Managers, Peter Peregrinus, 1988. Accurate forecasting helps operators to make key investment decisions relating to product development and introduction, advertising, pricing etc., well in advance of product launch, which helps to ensure that the company will make a profit on a new venture and that capital is invested wisely.Kennedy I. G., Forecasting, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, 2003. Why is forecasting used? Forecasting can be conducted for many purposes, so it is important that the reason for performing the calculation is clearly defined and understood. Some common reasons for forecasting include: *Planning and Budgeting – Using forecast data can help network planners decide how much equipment to purchase and where to place it t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Signalling System No
In signal processing, a signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon. Any quantity that can vary over space or time can be used as a signal to share messages between observers. The ''IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing'' includes audio signal, audio, video, speech, image, sonar, and radar as examples of signal. A signal may also be defined as observable change in a quantity over space or time (a time series), even if it does not carry information. In nature, signals can be actions done by an organism to alert other organisms, ranging from the release of plant chemicals to warn nearby plants of a predator, to sounds or motions made by animals to alert other animals of food. Signaling occurs in all organisms even at cellular levels, with cell signaling. Signaling theory, in evolutionary biology, proposes that a substantial driver for evolution is the ability of animals to communicate with each other by developing ways of signaling. In human engineering, si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Routing In The PSTN
Routing in the PSTN is the process of forwarding telephone calls between the constituent telephone networks that comprise the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Telephone calls are routed across a network of potentially many switching systems, often owned by different telephone carriers. Switching systems are connected with trunks. Each switch may have many neighbors. Neighboring switches owned by different operators are connected at interconnect points. The PSTN is a network that uses destination routing to direct calls from origin to the recipient. It is not a full mesh network with the nodes of every operator directly connected to those of every other, which would be impractical and inefficient. Therefore, calls may be routed through intermediate operator networks before they reach their final destination. Efficient least-cost routing is an important procedure in PSTN routing. Call routing Each time a call is placed for routing, the destination number (a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poisson Distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution that expresses the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval of time or space if these events occur with a known constant mean rate and Statistical independence, independently of the time since the last event. It is named after France, French mathematician Siméon Denis Poisson (; ). The Poisson distribution can also be used for the number of events in other specified interval types such as distance, area, or volume. For instance, a call center receives an average of 180 calls per hour, 24 hours a day. The calls are independent; receiving one does not change the probability of when the next one will arrive. The number of calls received during any minute has a Poisson probability distribution with mean 3: the most likely numbers are 2 and 3 but 1 and 4 are also likely and there is a small probability of it being as low as zero and a very smal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exponential Distribution
In probability theory and statistics, the exponential distribution is the probability distribution of the time between events in a Poisson point process, i.e., a process in which events occur continuously and independently at a constant average rate. It is a particular case of the gamma distribution. It is the continuous analogue of the geometric distribution, and it has the key property of being memoryless. In addition to being used for the analysis of Poisson point processes it is found in various other contexts. The exponential distribution is not the same as the class of exponential families of distributions. This is a large class of probability distributions that includes the exponential distribution as one of its members, but also includes many other distributions, like the normal, binomial, gamma, and Poisson distributions. Definitions Probability density function The probability density function (pdf) of an exponential distribution is : f(x;\lambda) = \begin \lambda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
