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Todor Zhivkov
Todor Hristov Zhivkov ( bg, Тодор Христов Живков ; 7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was a Bulgarian communist statesman who served as the ''de facto'' leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from 1954 until 1989 as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party. He was the second longest-serving leader in the Eastern Bloc after Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, the longest-serving leader within the Warsaw Pact and the longest-serving non-royal ruler in Bulgarian history. He became First Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) in 1954 (General Secretary from April 1981), served as List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria, Prime Minister from 1962 to 1971 and from 1971 onwards as List of heads of state of Bulgaria, Chairman of the State Council, concurrently with his post as First Secretary. He remained in these positions for 35 years, until 1989, thus becoming the second longest-serving leader of any European Eastern Bloc nation after World War II, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Secretary Of The Bulgarian Communist Party
This is a list of the Head of state, heads of the modern Bulgarian state, from the establishment of the Principality of Bulgaria to the present day. It also lists the General Secretary, general secretaries of the Bulgarian Communist Party in 1948–1990. From 1948 onwards, the general secretary was the country's ''de facto'' chief executive. Principality of Bulgaria (1878–1908) Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946) People's Republic of Bulgaria (1946–1990) ;Status General Secretaries of the Bulgarian Communist Party (1948–1990) Bulgaria, Republic of Bulgaria (1990–present) Timeline from 1946 Head of state titles See also * Politics of Bulgaria * List of Bulgarian monarchs * List of Bulgarian regents * List of heads of government of Bulgaria * List of presidents of Bulgaria (1990-present) * List of first deputy chairmen of the State Council of Bulgaria * Vice President of Bulgaria Notes External links List of Bulgarian heads of state and governmentThe P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
De Facto
''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with ''de jure'' ("by law"), which refers to things that happen according to official law, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. History In jurisprudence, it mainly means "practiced, but not necessarily defined by law" or "practiced or is valid, but not officially established". Basically, this expression is opposed to the concept of "de jure" (which means "as defined by law") when it comes to law, management or technology (such as standards) in the case of creation, development or application of "without" or "against" instructions, but in accordance with "with practice". When legal situations are discussed, "de jure" means "expressed by law", while "de facto" means action or what is practiced. Similar expressions: "essentially", "unofficial", "in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Committee
Central committee is the common designation of a standing administrative body of Communist party, communist parties, analogous to a board of directors, of both ruling and nonruling parties of former and existing socialist states. In such party organizations, the committee would typically be made up of delegates elected at a party congress. In Communist state, those states where it constituted the state power, the central committee made decisions for the party between congresses and usually was (at least nominally) responsible for electing the politburo. In non-ruling communist parties, the central committee is usually understood by the party membership to be the ultimate decision-making authority between congresses once the process of democratic centralism has led to an agreed-upon position. Non-communist organizations are also governed by central committees, such as the right-wing Likud party in Israel, the North American Mennonite Central Committee, Mennonite Church and Alcoholic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Todor Zhivkov And Georgi Dimitrov
Todor (Bulgarian, and sr, Тодор/Todor) is a Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbian given name, a local rendering of the name Theodore. The Hungarian form of the name is rendered similarly as ''Tódor''. It is the most common name in Bulgarian villages such as Velingrad and Plovdiv. As a form of the name Theodore, ''Todor'' also ultimately comes from the Greek Θεόδωρος (''Theodoros''), signifying "gift of god", from θεός (''theos'') "god" and δῶρον (''doron'') "gift". Slavic equivalents bearing a similar meaning are ''Bozhidar'' and ''Bogdan''. The name Todd is similar too but has different meaning. The Bulgarian diminutives of ''Todor'' are Тошко (''Toshko''), Тошо (''Tosho'') and Тоше (''Toshe'') and the Macedonian diminutive is Тоше (''Toše'') and Тодорче (''Todorče''). Notable people *Todor Aleksandrov *Todor Batkov *Todor Burmov *Todor Todorov (other) *Todor Diev *Todor Ivanchov *Todor Kableshkov * Tódor Kármán *Todor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1944 Bulgarian Coup D'état
The 1944 Bulgarian coup d'état, also known as the 9 September coup d'état ( bg, Деветосептемврийски преврат, Devetoseptemvriyski prevrat), was the forcible change of the government of Kingdom of Bulgaria carried out on the eve of 9 September 1944. In the People's Republic of Bulgaria it was called People's Uprising of 9 September – on the grounds of the broad unrest, and Socialist Revolution – as it was a turning point politically and the beginning of radical reforms towards socialism. In brief Bulgaria was in a precarious situation, still in the sphere of Nazi Germany's influence (as a former member of the Axis powers, with German troops in the country despite the declared Bulgarian neutrality 15 days earlier), but under threat of war with the leading military power of that time, the Soviet Union (the USSR had declared war on the Kingdom of Bulgaria 4 days earlier and units of its Third Ukrainian Front of the Red Army had entered Bulgaria 3 da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chavdar (resistance Brigade)
Chavdar may refer to: Places * Chavdar Municipality, Sofia Province, Bulgaria * Chavdar, Sofia Province, a village in Bulgaria * Chavdar, Smolyan Province, a village in Bulgaria * Chavdar Peninsula, Antarctica People with the given name * Chavdar Atanasov (born 1973), Bulgarian footballer * Chavdar Djurov (1946–1972), Bulgarian pilot and skydiver * Chavdar Tsvetkov (born 1953), Bulgarian footballer * Chavdar Voyvoda, 16th-century Bulgarian rebel leader * Chavdar Yankov (born 1984), Bulgarian footballer * Tchavdar Georgiev is a writer, US producer, director and editor of films Other uses * Chavdar (company), a Bulgarian coachbuilder * Chavdar Partisan Brigade, a Bulgarian partisan group of World War II * PFC Chavdar Byala Slatina, a Bulgarian football club * PFC Chavdar Etropole FC Chavdar ( bg, ФК Чавдар) is a Bulgarian football club based in Etropole, Sofia Province. Founded in 1922, they compete in the South-West Third League, the third tier of Bulgarian football ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe. On 30 January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany, the head of gove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1934 Bulgarian Coup D'état
The Bulgarian coup d'état of 1934, also known as the 19 May coup d'état ( bg, Деветнадесетомайски преврат, ''Devetnadesetomayski prevrat''), was a ''coup d'état'' in the Kingdom of Bulgaria carried out by the ''Zveno'' military organization and the Military Union with the aid of the Bulgarian Army. It overthrew the government of the wide Popular Bloc coalition and replaced it with one under Kimon Georgiev. History The Popular Bloc, which had held power since 1931, consisted of the Democratic Party, Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BANU) " Vrabcha 1", the National Liberal Party and the Radical Democratic Party. Although it did not abolish the restrictive laws introduced by the former government of the Democratic Accord and it did not change the way the police functioned, it was met with hostility from right-wing forces such as the Military Union (led by Damyan Velchev), Zveno and Aleksandar Tsankov's National Social Movement, of which the most a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. Bulgaria covers a territory of , and is the sixteenth-largest country in Europe. Sofia is the nation's capital and largest city; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture, which dates back to 6,500 BC. In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for ancient Thracians, Persians, Celts and Macedonians; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45. After the Roman state splintered, tribal invasions in the region resumed. Around the 6th century, these territories were settled by the early Slavs. The Bulgars, led by Asp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Sofia Echo
''The Sofia Echo'' is Bulgaria's national English-language weekly newspaper published out of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. History and profile The ''Sofia Echo'' has been published since April 1997, generally targeted at the Bulgarian expatriate community. The newspaper is published by Sofia Echo Media Ltd. A majority stake in the company was bought in 2007 by Bulgarian publisher Economedia. The newspaper is distributed in major Sofia hotels, in outlets throughout the country, as well as in the OMV, Lukoil and Shell petrol stations and the Billa Billa may refer to: Films *Billa (1980 film), ''Billa'' (1980 film), 1980 Indian Tamil film *Billa (2002 film), ''Billa'' (2002 film), 2002 Pakistani Punjabi film *Billa (2007 film), ''Billa'' (2007 film), 2007 Indian Tamil film, remake of ''Bil ... hypermarkets. From 2005 on, articles from the weekly newspaper have been published online with daily news at its website. In 2017 it seems the Sofia Echo is no longer active. The web ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries. The major participants in the war threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and deploying the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact (WP) or Treaty of Warsaw, formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. The term "Warsaw Pact" commonly refers to both the treaty itself and its resultant defensive alliance, the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO). The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)"In reaction to West Germany's NATO accession, the Soviet Union and its Eastern European client states formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955." Citation from: in 1955 as per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954.The Warsaw Pact R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
