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Takfir Wal-Hijra
''Takfir wal-Hijra'' ( ar, تكفير والهجرة, translation: "Excommunication and Exodus", alternatively "excommunication and emigration" or "anathema and exile"), was the popular name given to a radical Islamist group ''Jama'at al-Muslimin'' founded by Shukri Mustafa which emerged in Egypt in the 1960s as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood. Although the group was crushed by Egyptian security forces after it murdered an Islamic scholar and former government minister in 1977, it is said to have "left an enduring legacy" taken up by some Islamist radicals in "subsequent years and decades."''Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East'' By Katerina Dalacoura, p.113 Name The label "''Takfir wal-Hijra''" ("excommunication and exodus") was fro ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Takfiri
''Takfiri'' ( ar, تَكْفِيرِيّ, ' lit. "excommunicational") is an Arabic and Islamic term denoting a Muslim who excommunicates one of his/her coreligionists, i.e. who accuses another Muslim of being an apostate. Since according to the traditional interpretations of Islamic law (''sharīʿa'') the punishment for apostasy is the death penalty, and potentially a cause of strife and violence within the Muslim community (''Ummah''),Karawan, Ibrahim A. (1995). "Takfīr". In John L. Esposito. ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. an ill-founded accusation of '' takfīr'' is considered a major forbidden act (''haram'') in Islamic jurisprudence, with one ''ḥadīth'' declaring that one who wrongly declares another Muslim to be an unbeliever is himself an apostate.Shiraz Maher, ''Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea'', Penguin UK (2017), p. 75 Takfirism has been called a "minority ideology" which "advocates the killing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salafist Jihadism
Salafi jihadism or jihadist-Salafism is a transnational, hybrid religious-political ideology based on the Sunni sect of Islamism, seeking to establish a global caliphate, characterized by the advocacy for "physical" (military) jihadist and Salafist concepts of returning to what adherents believe to be the "true Islam". The ideological foundation of the movement was laid out by a series of prison-writings of the Egyptian Sunni Islamist theoretician Sayyid Qutb during the 1960s. The interchangeable terms "Salafi jihadism" and "jihadist-Salafism" were coined by the French political scientist Gilles Kepel in 2002"Jihadist-Salafism" is introduced by Gilles Kepel, ''Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam'' (Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2002)Deneoux, Guilain (June 2002). "The Forgotten Swamp: Navigating Political Islam". ''Middle East Policy''. pp. 69–71." to describe "a hybrid Islamist ideology" developed by international Islamist volunteers in the Soviet–Afghan War who ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Afghan Arabs
Afghan Arabs (also known as Arab-Afghans) are Arab and other Muslim Islamist mujahideen who came to Afghanistan during and following the Soviet–Afghan War to help fellow Muslims fight Soviets and pro-Soviet Afghans. Estimates of the volunteers number are 8,000 to 35,000.Rashid, Ahmed, ''Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia'' (New Haven, 2000), p. 129. The late Saudi Arabian journalist Jamal Khashoggi, the first Arab journalist from a major Arabic media organization to cover the Afghan jihad, estimated their numbers to be at around 10,000.Peter Bergen, '' The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader'', Simon and Schuster (2006), p. 41 Within the Muslim Arab world they achieved near hero-status for their association with the defeat of the Soviet Union, and on returning home had considerable significance waging jihad against their own and other governments. Their name notwithstanding, none were Afghans and some were not Arabs, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayman Al-Zawahiri
Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri (June 19, 1951 – July 31, 2022) was an Egyptian-born terrorist and physician who served as the second emir of al-Qaeda from June 16, 2011, until his death. Al-Zawahiri graduated from Cairo University with a degree in medicine and a master's degree in surgery and was a surgeon by profession. He became a leading figure in the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, an Egyptian Islamist organization, and eventually attained the rank of emir. He was imprisoned from 1981 to 1984 for his role in the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. His actions against the Egyptian government, including his planning of the 1995 attack on the Egyptian Embassy in Pakistan, resulted in him being sentenced to death ''in absentia'' during the 1999 "Returnees from Albania" trial. A close associate of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, al-Zawahiri held significant sway over the group's operations. Al-Zawahiri was wanted by the United States and the United Nations, respe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Wilkinson (academic)
Paul Wilkinson CBE (9 May 1937 – 11 August 2011) was a British terrorism expert and an Emeritus Professor of International Relations and director of the University of St Andrews Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV). Dubbed "Britain's leading academic specialist in the study of terrorism", he was a frequent commentator in mainstream British media and an advisor to the UK government. __NOTOC__ Early life and education Born in Harrow, Middlesex, on 9 May 1937, Wilkinson was educated at John Lyon School in Harrow. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in modern history and politics at Swansea University, followed by a Master of Arts. Career After serving six years as an education officer in the Royal Air Force, he began his academic career at the Cardiff University, as an assistant lecturer in politics in 1966. He became senior lecturer and then reader in politics at Cardiff before moving to the University of Aberdeen, where he was appointed as the f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assassination Of Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat, the 3rd President of Egypt, was assassinated on 6 October 1981 during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Operation Badr, during which the Egyptian Army had crossed the Suez Canal and taken back a small part of the Sinai Peninsula from Israel at the beginning of the Yom Kippur War. The assassination was undertaken by members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad. Background Following the Camp David Accords, Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin shared the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. However, the subsequent Egypt–Israel peace treaty, 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty was received with controversy among Arab nations, particularly the Palestinians. Egypt's membership in the Arab League was suspended (and not reinstated until 1989). Palestine Liberation Organization, PLO Leader Yasser Arafat said "Let them sign what they like. False peace will not last." In Egypt, various Jihadism, jihadist groups, such as Egyptian Islamic Jihad and al-Jama'a al-Islami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahdi
The Mahdi ( ar, ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, al-Mahdī, lit=the Guided) is a Messianism, messianic figure in Islamic eschatology who is believed to appear at the Eschatology, end of times to rid the world of evil and injustice. He is said to be a descendant of Muhammad who will appear shortly before the Prophets in Islam, prophet Jesus in Islam, ʿĪsā (Jesus) and lead Muslims to rule the world. Though the Mahdi is not referenced in the Quran, and is absent from several List of hadith Books, canonical compilations of hadith – including the two most-revered Sunni hadith collections: ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' and ''Sahih Muslim'' – he is mentioned in other Hadith, hadith literature. The doctrine of the mahdi seems to have gained traction during the confusion and unrest of the religious and political upheavals of the first and second centuries of Islam. Among the first references to the Mahdi appear in the late 7th century, when the revolutionary Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, Mukhtar ibn Abi Uba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steven Simon
Steven Simon is a former United States National Security Council senior director for the Middle East and North Africa. He also previously served as the Executive Director IISS-US and Corresponding Director IISS-Middle East and as a Senior Fellow at the Middle East Institute based in Washington, D.C. He was Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies, at the Council on Foreign Relations. He was a Spring 2008 Berlin Prize Fellow. Steven Simon is now a visiting professor at Colby College in Maine. Education Simon holds a BA in Classics and Near Eastern Languages from Columbia University, an MTS from Harvard Divinity School, and an MPA from Princeton University. Career In 1999 Steven Simon moved to Britain, where he worked as Deputy Director of the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). Before he moved to London, Simon was Director for Global Issues and Senior Director for Transnational Threats at the White House. After Simon left the IISS he specia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daniel Benjamin
Daniel Benjamin (born October 16, 1961) is an American diplomat and journalist and was the Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the United States Department of State from 2009 to 2012, appointed by Secretary Hillary Clinton. Benjamin was the director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College. In July 2020, he became president of the American Academy in Berlin, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, independent transatlantic institution in the German capital. Early life Benjamin grew up in Stamford, Conn., one of three sons (William Benjamin and Jonathan Benjamin) born to Burton and Susan Benjamin. His father is an internist; his late mother was a teacher, an administrator at the University of Connecticut and the head of marketing for a Manhattan law firm. They were a moderately observant Jewish family. Benjamin graduated from Harvard University magna cum laude, and then was a 1983 Marshall Scholar at New College, Oxford. After college, he worked as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Husayn Al-Dhahabi
Muhammad Husayn al-Dhahabi (October 19, 1915 — July 7, 1977) was an Al-Azhar scholar and the former Egyptian Minister of Religious Endowments. He was a critic of the militant jihadist movement that had splintered from the mainstream Muslim Brotherhood. On July 3, 1977, he was kidnapped by the radical group Takfir wal-Hijra, who held him hostage and demanded the release of imprisoned members of their movement. Marc Sageman, ''Understanding Terror Networks'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004) p.29 When their demand was not met, they executed al-Dhahabi. Following his execution, the government of Anwar Sadat Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat, (25 December 1918 – 6 October 1981) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the third president of Egypt, from 15 October 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 ... cracked down on militant Islamic organizations in Egypt. References {{Reflist 20th-century Egyptian politicians Egy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James A
James is a common English language surname and given name: *James (name), the typically masculine first name James * James (surname), various people with the last name James James or James City may also refer to: People * King James (other), various kings named James * Saint James (other) * James (musician) * James, brother of Jesus Places Canada * James Bay, a large body of water * James, Ontario United Kingdom * James College, a college of the University of York United States * James, Georgia, an unincorporated community * James, Iowa, an unincorporated community * James City, North Carolina * James City County, Virginia ** James City (Virginia Company) ** James City Shire * James City, Pennsylvania * St. James City, Florida Arts, entertainment, and media * ''James'' (2005 film), a Bollywood film * ''James'' (2008 film), an Irish short film * ''James'' (2022 film), an Indian Kannada-language film * James the Red Engine, a character in ''Thomas the Tank En ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mamoun Fandy
Dr. Mamoun Fandy is an Egyptian-born American scholar. He is president of the think tank London Global Strategy Institute, a former senior fellow at the Baker Institute, the United States Institute of Peace, and at the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London. Before that Fandy was a research professor of politics at the Center for Contemporary Arab Studies at the School of Foreign Service of Georgetown University, as well as of Arab politics at the National Defense University. He is frequently seen on American television, and is a columnist for ''Al-Ahram'' and the ''Asharq Al-Awsat''. In his 2007 book '' (Un)Civil War of Words: Media and Politics in the Arab World'', Fandy called Al Jazeera "the Muslim Brotherhood channel", noting that it glorified Muslim Brotherhood The Society of the Muslim Brothers ( ar, جماعة الإخوان المسلمين'' ''), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood ( ', is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
