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TOMM40
Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast), also known as TOMM40, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''TOMM40'' gene. Function ''TOMM40'' codes for a protein that is embedded into outer membranes of mitochondria and is required for the movement of proteins into mitochondria. More precisely, TOMM40 is the channel-forming subunit of a translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane ( TOM) that is essential for protein transport into mitochondria. Clinical significance In humans, certain alleles of this gene have been statistically associated with an increased risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease.; One study has found that TOMM40 risk alleles appears twice as often in people with Alzheimer's disease than those without it. Because ''TOMM40'' is located on chromosome 19, and is closely adjacent to ''APOE'', another gene known to be associated with Alzheimer's, another study has suggested that the statistically significant correlatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Translocase Of The Outer Membrane
The translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) is a complex of proteins found in the outer mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondria. It allows movement of proteins through this barrier and into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion. Most of the proteins needed for mitochondrial function are encoded by the Cell nucleus, nucleus of the Cell (biology), cell. The outer membrane of the mitochondrion is impermeable to large molecules greater than 5000 Atomic mass units, Daltons. The TOM works in conjunction with the translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) to translocate proteins into the mitochondrion. Many of the proteins in the TOM complex, such as TOMM22, were first identified in ''Neurospora crassa'' and ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae''. Many of the genes encoding these proteins are designated as TOMM (translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane) complex genes. The complete mitochondrial protein translocase complex includes at least 19 proteins: several chaperones, four pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Translocase
Translocase is a general term for a protein that assists in moving another molecule, usually across a cell membrane. These enzymes catalyze the movement of ions or molecules across membranes or their separation within membranes. The reaction is designated as a transfer from “side 1” to “side 2” because the designations “in” and “out”, which had previously been used, can be ambiguous. Translocases are the most common secretion system in Gram positive bacteria. It is also a historical term for the protein now called elongation factor G, due to its function in moving the transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) through the ribosome. History The enzyme classification and nomenclature list was first approved by the International Union of Biochemistry in 1961. Six enzyme classes had been recognized based on the type of chemical reaction catalyzed, including oxidoreductases (EC 1), transferases (EC 2), hydrolases (EC 3), lyases (EC 4), isomerases (EC 5) and ligases ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TOMM20
Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TOMM20'' gene. TOM20 is one of the receptor systems of the TOM complex (translocase of the outer membrane) in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Function In mitochondrial protein import, TOM20 is closely associated with the pore-forming TOM40 complex and acts by recognizing and binding the N-terminal MTSs (matrix-targeting sequences), which form an amphipathic alpha helix and aid passage of the target proteins into the mitochondrial matrix. See also * Mitochondria Outer Membrane Translocase * TOMM22 * TOMM40 * TOMM70A Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TOMM70A'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meani ... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-1-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TOMM22
Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM22 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TOMM22'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. The encoded protein interacts with TOMM20 and TOMM40, and forms a complex with several other proteins to import cytosolic preproteins into the mitochondrion. See also * Mitochondria Outer Membrane Translocase * TOMM20 * TOMM40 * TOMM70A Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TOMM70A'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meani ... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-22-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TOMM70A
Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TOMM70A'' gene. The translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) complex is a multisubunit complex involved in the recognition, unfolding, and translocation of preproteins into the mitochondria. See TIM17A (MIM 605057). upplied by OMIMref name="entrez" /> See also * Mitochondria Outer Membrane Translocase * TOMM20 * TOMM22 * TOMM40 Translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog (yeast), also known as TOMM40, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''TOMM40'' gene. Function ''TOMM40'' codes for a protein that is embedded into outer membranes of mitochondria ... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * {{gene-3-stub Co-chaperones ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Membrane Transport
In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them. The regulation of passage through the membrane is due to selective membrane permeability - a characteristic of biological membranes which allows them to separate substances of distinct chemical nature. In other words, they can be permeable to certain substances but not to others. The movements of most solutes through the membrane are mediated by membrane transport proteins which are specialized to varying degrees in the transport of specific molecules. As the diversity and physiology of the distinct cells is highly related to their capacities to attract different external elements, it is postulated that there is a group of specific transport proteins for each cell type and for every specific physiological stage /sup>. This differential exp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitochondria
A mitochondrion (; ) is an organelle found in the Cell (biology), cells of most Eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and Fungus, fungi. Mitochondria have a double lipid bilayer, membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. They were discovered by Albert von Kölliker in 1857 in the voluntary muscles of insects. The term ''mitochondrion'' was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name. Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). A large number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids and diplomonads, have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into mitosome, other structures. One eukaryote, ''Monocercomonoides'', is known to have completely lost its mitocho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Outer Mitochondrial Membrane
A mitochondrion (; ) is an organelle found in the cells of most Eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. They were discovered by Albert von Kölliker in 1857 in the voluntary muscles of insects. The term ''mitochondrion'' was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name. Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). A large number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids and diplomonads, have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures. One eukaryote, ''Monocercomonoides'', is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, and one multicellular organism, '' Henn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion (; ) is an organelle found in the cells of most Eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy. They were discovered by Albert von Kölliker in 1857 in the voluntary muscles of insects. The term ''mitochondrion'' was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. The mitochondrion is popularly nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell", a phrase coined by Philip Siekevitz in a 1957 article of the same name. Some cells in some multicellular organisms lack mitochondria (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells). A large number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia, parabasalids and diplomonads, have reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures. One eukaryote, ''Monocercomonoides'', is known to have completely lost its mitochondria, and one multicellular organism, '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alleles
An allele (, ; ; modern formation from Greek ἄλλος ''állos'', "other") is a variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same place on a long DNA molecule, as described in leading textbooks on genetics and evolution. ::"The chromosomal or genomic location of a gene or any other genetic element is called a locus (plural: loci) and alternative DNA sequences at a locus are called alleles." The simplest alleles are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). but they can also be insertions and deletions of up to several thousand base pairs. Popular definitions of 'allele' typically refer only to different alleles within genes. For example, the ABO blood grouping is controlled by the ABO gene, which has six common alleles (variants). In population genetics, nearly every living human's phenotype for the ABO gene is some combination of just these six alleles. Most alleles observed result in little or no change in the function of the gene product it codes for. However, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
