|
Tōdō Takasawa
was a Japanese ''daimyō'' of the middle Edo period. He was the 10th ''daimyō'' from the Tōdō clan to ruled Tsu Domain in Ise and Iga Provinces. Biography Takasawa was born in 1781 as the son of the previous daimyo of Tsu Domain, Tōdō Takasato. However, in 1790, he was adopted by Tōdō Takasawa, the daimyo of Hisa Domain, a subsidiary domain of Tsu domain. Takasawa died the same year, and although only nine years old, Takasawa became daimyo of Hisai. The domain suffered from severe financial problems due to the frequent deaths of its lords, and lack of fiscal control. Under Takasawa, a series of reforms were implemented, including increased taxes, an involuntary saving system and fiscal restraint. A low-interest loan system was also implemented to encourage investment in new businesses and a reserve of capital was created to cope with natural disasters. In 1806, due to the premature death of his brother, Takasawa was transferred to Tsu Domain. At Tsu, he found the econom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsu Domain
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Ise Province and in Iga Province in what is part of now modern-day Tsu, Mie. It was centered around Tsu Castle. Tsu Domain was controlled the '' tozama'' Tōdō clan throughout most of its history. History Tsu was known as "Anotsu" during the Sengoku period and was controlled by the Kudo clan, who were originally from Shinano Province. Oda Nobunaga's invasion of Ise in 1568 was resolved by the Kudo clan adopting Nobunaga's younger brother, Oda Nobukane as heir. Following Nobunaga's death, Nobukane swore fealty to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, but in 1594 he was transferred to Ōmi Province. Hideyoshi assigned the territory to Tomita Tomonobu, with a ''kokudaka'' of 50,000 ''koku''. On his death in 1599, he was succeeded by his son, Tomita Nobutaka, who approached Tokugawa Ieyasu. He assisted Ieyasu in the invasion of Aizu, but was later defeated at the Battle of Aonutsu Castle by a pro-Toyotomi coalition. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tōdō Takasato
was a Japanese '' daimyō'' of the middle Edo period. He was the 9th ''daimyō'' from the Tōdō clan to ruled Tsu Domain in Ise and Iga Provinces. Biography Takasato was born in 1746 as the son Tōdō Takahora, a 7000-''koku'' '' hatamoto'', who was adopted to become the 5th daimyo of Hisai Domain, a subsidiary domain of Tsu Domain, in 1728, and subsequently the 8th ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain from 1735. In 1762, Takasato was made daimyo of Hisai. However, on the death of his father in 1770, he turned Hisai over to a younger son of Tōdō Takatoyo, and took on the reign of Tsu Domain itself. The domain suffered from severe financial problems during his rule, and he attempted a series of reforms, including encouragement of new industries. However, his efforts at land reform and debt moratorium met with tremendous opposition, leading to extensive rioting in 1796. He also attempted to tax shrines and temples in his domain, which also caused a public uproar. Takasato died prema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tōdō Takayuki
was the 11th ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain under the late Edo period Tokugawa shogunate and the 19th hereditary chieftain of the Tōdō clan. Takayuki's sudden betrayal of the Tokugawa forces at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi during the Boshin War was one of the decisive factors which turned the battle in the imperial army's favor. Biography Takayuki was born in 1813 as the son of the previous ''daimyō'' of Tsu Domain, Tōdō Takasawa. His mother was a daughter of the ''daimyō'' of Tanakura Domain, Nagai Naonobu. He succeeded his father as ''daimyō'' at the age of 11. That year, he was received in formal audience by Shogun Tokugawa Ienari and two years later was accorded the courtesy titles of ''Izumi-no-kam'' and ''jijū'', and Junior Fourth court rank.His courtesy title was promoted to ''Sakon'e-no-shosho'' (左少将) in 1840. In 1842, as concern over the increasing incursions of foreign ''kurofune'' warships into Japanese waters grew, the shogunate ordered Tsu Domain to assu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daimyō
were powerful Japanese magnates, feudal lords who, from the 10th century to the early Meiji era, Meiji period in the middle 19th century, ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. They were subordinate to the shogun and nominally to the Emperor of Japan, emperor and the ''kuge''. In the term, means 'large', and stands for , meaning 'private land'. From the ''shugo'' of the Muromachi period through the Sengoku period, Sengoku to the ''daimyo'' of the Edo period, the rank had a long and varied history. The backgrounds of ''daimyo'' also varied considerably; while some ''daimyo'' clans, notably the Mōri clan, Mōri, Shimazu clan, Shimazu and Hosokawa clan, Hosokawa, were cadet branches of the Imperial family or were descended from the ''kuge'', other ''daimyo'' were promoted from the ranks of the samurai, notably during the Edo period. ''Daimyo'' often hired samurai to guard their land, and they paid the samurai in land or food as relatively few could aff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edo Period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional '' daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was characterized by economic growth, strict social order, isolationist foreign policies, a stable population, perpetual peace, and popular enjoyment of arts and culture. The period derives its name from Edo (now Tokyo), where on March 24, 1603, the shogunate was officially established by Tokugawa Ieyasu. The period came to an end with the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, which restored imperial rule to Japan. Consolidation of the shogunate The Edo period or Tokugawa period is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's regional '' daimyo''. A revolution took place from the time of the Kamakura shogunate, which existed with the Tennō's court, to the Tok ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tōdō Clan
The was a Japanese samurai clan of humble origins from the Inukami District of Ōmi Province. Under Hideyoshi, Tōdō ruled Uwajima at Iyo province. During the Edo period, the Tōdō ruled most of Ise Province and all of Iga Province as ''daimyō'' (feudal lords) of Tsu Domain (320,000 ''koku'') under the Tokugawa shogunate. History The clan initially rose to prominence under Tōdō Takatora (1556–1630), who was a highly trusted commander under Hashiba Hidenaga, later Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu, as well as an architect of numerous Japanese castles. During the Bakumatsu period, the defection of the Tōdō clan to the Satchō Alliance in 1868 was a major factor in the defeat of the Tokugawa forces at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi. The head of the clan was later awarded with the ''kazoku'' title of Count (''hakushaku'') by the Meiji government. A junior branch of the clan, which ruled Hisai Domain in Ise Province (53,000 ''koku''), was awarded the title of viscount ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ise Province
was a province of Japan in the area of Japan that is today includes most of modern Mie Prefecture. Ise bordered on Iga, Kii, Mino, Ōmi, Owari, Shima, and Yamato Provinces. Its abbreviated form name was . History The name of Ise appears in the earliest written records of Japan, and was the site of numerous religious and folkloric events connected with the Shinto religion and Yamato court. Ise province was one of the original provinces of Japan established in the Nara period under the Taihō Code, when the former princely state of Ise was divided into Ise, Iga and Shima. The original capital of the province was located in what is now the city of Suzuka, and was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. The site was proclaimed a national historic landmark in 1986. The remains of the Ise kokubunji have also been found within the boundaries of modern Suzuka. Under the ''Engishiki'' classification system, Ise was ranked as a "great country" () and a "close country" (). Two Shinto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iga Province
was a province of Japan located in what is today part of western Mie Prefecture. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Iga" in . Its abbreviated name was . Iga is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the ''Engishiki'' classification system, Iga was ranked as an "inferior country" ( ''gekoku'') and a "near country" ( ''kingoku''). Iga was bordered by Ise to the east and south, Ōmi to the north, Yamato to the west and south, and Yamashiro Province to the northwest. It roughly coincides with the modern municipalities of Iga and Nabari in Mie Prefecture. Surrounded by mountains, historically, Iga Province was rather inaccessible due to extremely poor road conditions. However, the area is now relatively easy to access from nearby Nara and Kyoto, as well as the larger cities of Osaka and Nagoya. History Asuka period Iga was separated from Ise Province during the Asuka period, around 680 AD. The provincial capital was located in what is now part of the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Debt Moratorium
A debt moratorium is a delay in the payment of debts or obligations. The term is generally used to refer to acts by national governments. Moratory laws are usually passed at times of special political or commercial stress: for instance, on several occasions during the Franco-Prussian War, the French government passed moratory laws. Their international validity was discussed at length, and was upheld in the English law case ''Rouquette ''v'' Overman'' (1875) LR 10 QB. Debt moratoriums are generally opposed by creditors. Proponents of debt moratoriums argue that it is a sovereign decision by the government of a nation to suspend repayment of debt to its creditors, if to do otherwise would do irreparable harm to the welfare of its citizenry. A debt moratorium may take the form of a complete cessation of debt repayments, or a partial cessation: for example, the government of President Alan García of Peru implemented the so-called "Ten Per Cent Solution", when it was announced that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rangaku
''Rangaku'' (Kyūjitai: /Shinjitai: , literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning") is a body of knowledge developed by Japan through its contacts with the Dutch enclave of Dejima, which allowed Japan to keep abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners from 1641 to 1853 because of the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of national isolation (sakoku). Through Rangaku, some people in Japan learned many aspects of the scientific and technological revolution occurring in Europe at that time, helping the country build up the beginnings of a theoretical and technological scientific base, which helps to explain Japan's success in its radical and speedy modernization following the forced American opening of the country to foreign trade in 1854. History The Dutch traders at Dejima in Nagasaki were the only Europeans tolerated in Japan from 1639 until 1853 (the Dutch had a trading post in Hirado from 1609 till 1641 bef ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kokugaku
''Kokugaku'' ( ja, 國學, label=Kyūjitai, ja, 国学, label=Shinjitai; literally "national study") was an academic movement, a school of Japanese philology and philosophy originating during the Tokugawa period. Kokugaku scholars worked to refocus Japanese scholarship away from the then-dominant study of Chinese, Confucian, and Buddhist texts in favor of research into the early Japanese classics. History What later became known as the ''kokugaku'' tradition began in the 17th and 18th centuries as ''kogaku'' ("ancient studies"), ''wagaku'' ("Japanese studies") or ''inishie manabi'', a term favored by Motoori Norinaga and his school. Drawing heavily from Shinto and Japan's ancient literature, the school looked back to a golden age of culture and society. They drew upon ancient Japanese poetry, predating the rise of medieval Japan's feudal orders in the mid-twelfth century, and other cultural achievements to show the emotion of Japan. One famous emotion appealed to by the '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Martial Arts
Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practiced for a number of reasons such as self-defense; military and law enforcement applications; combat sport, competition; physical, mental, and spiritual development; entertainment; and the preservation of a nation's intangible cultural heritage. Etymology According to Paul Bowman, the term ''martial arts'' was popularized by mainstream popular culture during the 1960s to 1970s, notably by Hong Kong martial arts films (most famously those of Bruce Lee) during the so-called "chopsocky" wave of the early 1970s. According to John Clements, the term '':wikt:martial art, martial arts'' itself is derived from an older Latin (language), Latin term meaning "arts of Mars (mythology), Mars", the Roman mythology, Roman god of war, and was used to refer to the combat systems of Europe (European martial arts) as early as the 1550s. The term martial science, or martial sciences, was commonly used to refer to the fighting arts of E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Martial Arts")