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Turner V. Safley
''Turner v. Safley'', 482 U.S. 78 (1987), was a U.S. Supreme Court decision involving the constitutionality of two Missouri prison regulations. One of the prisoners' claims related to the fundamental right to marry, and the other related to freedom of speech (in sending/receiving letters). The court held that a regulation preventing inmates from marrying without permission violated their constitutional right to marry because it was not logically related to a legitimate penological concern, but a prohibition on inmate-to-inmate correspondence was justified by prison security needs.. The case has been cited as precedent, establishing the "''Turner'' Test" for constitutional challenges to prison regulations. According to the test, a prison regulation is constitutional if it satisfies four factors: # There is a rational connection to a legitimate government interest; # There are alternative means for prisoners to exercise their right(s); # Accommodation of the right(s) would have exce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
8th Cir
8 (eight) is the natural number following 7 and preceding 9. In mathematics 8 is: * a composite number, its proper divisors being , , and . It is twice 4 or four times 2. * a power of two, being 2 (two cubed), and is the first number of the form , being an integer greater than 1. * the first number which is neither prime nor semiprime. * the base of the octal number system, which is mostly used with computers. In octal, one digit represents three bits. In modern computers, a byte is a grouping of eight bits, also called an wikt:octet, octet. * a Fibonacci number, being plus . The next Fibonacci number is . 8 is the only positive Fibonacci number, aside from 1, that is a perfect cube. * the only nonzero perfect power that is one less than another perfect power, by Catalan conjecture, Mihăilescu's Theorem. * the order of the smallest non-abelian group all of whose subgroups are normal. * the dimension of the octonions and is the highest possible dimension of a normed divisio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mootness
The terms moot and mootness are used in both in English and American law, although with different meanings. In the legal system of the United States, a matter is moot if further legal proceedings with regard to it can have no effect, or events have placed it beyond the reach of the law. Thereby the matter has been deprived of practical significance or rendered purely academic. The U.S. development of this word stems from the practice of moot courts, in which hypothetical or fictional cases were argued as a part of legal education. These purely academic issues led the U.S. courts to describe cases where developing circumstances made any judgment ineffective as "moot". The doctrine can be compared to the ripeness doctrine, another judge-made rule, that holds that judges should not rule on cases based entirely on anticipated disputes or hypothetical facts. Similar doctrines prevent the federal courts of the United States from issuing advisory opinions. This is different fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pell V
Pell is a surname shared by several notable people, listed below * Axel Rudi Pell (born 1960), German heavy metal guitar player and member of Steeler and founder of his own eponymous band * Charles Pell (1874–1936), American college football coach * Charley Pell (1941–2001), American college football player and coach * Claiborne Pell (1918–2009), U.S. Senator from Rhode Island, serving six terms from 1961 to 1997, and sponsor of the Pell Grant, which provides financial aid funding to American college students * Dave Pell (1925–2017), American jazz saxophonist and bandleader * Ella Ferris Pell (1846–1922), American painter, sculptor, and illustrator * Eva J. Pell (born 1948), American biologist, plant pathologist, and science administrator * George Pell (born 1941), Australian cardinal of the Catholic Church * Harry Pell (born 1991), English professional footballer * Herbert Pell (1884–1961), American Representative from New York, U.S. Minister to Portugal, U.S. Mini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Time, Place Or Manner
In the United States, freedom of speech and expression is strongly protected from government restrictions by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, many state constitutions, and state and federal laws. Freedom of speech, also called free speech, means the free and public expression of opinions without censorship, interference and restraint by the government. The term "freedom of speech" embedded in the First Amendment encompasses the decision what to say as well as what not to say. The Supreme Court of the United States has recognized several categories of speech that are given lesser or no protection by the First Amendment and has recognized that governments may enact reasonable time, place, or manner restrictions on speech. The First Amendment's constitutional right of free speech, which is applicable to state and local governments under the incorporation doctrine, prevents only government restrictions on speech, not restrictions imposed by private individuals o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rational Basis Review
In U.S. constitutional law, rational basis review is the normal standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment. Courts applying rational basis review seek to determine whether a law is "rationally related" to a "legitimate" government interest, whether real or hypothetical."Rational Basis Test" Cornell University Law School. Accessed May 13, 2022. The higher levels of scrutiny are intermediate scrutiny and . Heightened scrutiny is applied ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Standard Of Review
In law, the standard of review is the amount of deference given by one court (or some other appellate tribunal) in reviewing a decision of a lower court or tribunal. A low standard of review means that the decision under review will be varied or overturned if the reviewing court considers there is any error at all in the lower court's decision. A high standard of review means that deference is accorded to the decision under review, so that it will not be disturbed just because the reviewing court might have decided the matter differently; it will be varied only if the higher court considers the decision to have obvious error. The standard of review may be set by statute or precedent (stare decisis). In the United States, "standard of review" also has a separate meaning concerning the level of deference the judiciary gives to Congress when ruling on the constitutionality of legislation. United States In the United States, the term "standard of review" has several different meanings i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States Court Of Appeals For The Eighth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (in case citations, 8th Cir.) is a United States federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the following United States district courts: * Eastern District of Arkansas * Western District of Arkansas * Northern District of Iowa * Southern District of Iowa * District of Minnesota * Eastern District of Missouri * Western District of Missouri * District of Nebraska * District of North Dakota * District of South Dakota The court is composed of eleven active judges and is based primarily at the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse in St. Louis, Missouri, and secondarily at the Warren E. Burger United States Courthouse in St. Paul, Minnesota. It is one of thirteen United States courts of appeals. In 1929 Congress passed a statute dividing the Eighth Circuit that placed Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Missouri, and Arkansas in the Eighth Circuit and created a Tenth Circuit that included Wy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loving V
Loving may refer to: * Love, a range of human emotions * Loving (surname) * '' Loving v. Virginia'', a 1967 landmark United States Supreme Court civil rights case Film and television * ''Loving'' (1970 film), an American film * ''Loving'' (1996 film), a British television film based on the novel by Henry Green * ''Loving'' (2016 film), a film about the Supreme Court decision ''Loving v. Virginia'' * ''Carry On Loving'', a 1970 film in the ''Carry On'' series * ''Loving'' (TV series), an American daytime soap opera Music * '' Lovin''', 2021 extended play by Ailee Other media * ''Loving'' (novel), a 1945 novel by Henry Green * ''Loving'', a 1981 novel by Danielle Steel * ''Loving'', a 2010 album by Johannes Heil Places in the United States * Loving, New Mexico, a village * Loving, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community * Loving, Texas, an unincorporated community * Loving County, Texas, the second-least populous county in the U.S. See also * Lovin Lovin is a su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zablocki V
Zablocki or Zabłocki is a surname of Polish origin, that may refer to: *Benjamin Zablocki (1941–2020), American sociologist * Bernard Zabłocki (1907–2002), Polish scientist *Clement J. Zablocki (1912–1983), American politician from Wisconsin * Courtney Zablocki (born 1981), American athlete *Franciszek Zabłocki (1754–1821), Polish writer * Jakub Zabłocki (1984–2015), Polish football player * Jan Zabłocki ( – ?), Polish major *Janusz Zabłocki (1926–2014), Polish politician * Olivier Zablocki (born 1986), Belgian virologist *Wojciech Zabłocki (1930–2020), Polish athlete and architect See also * Zabłocki, a Polish aristocratic family *''Zablocki v. Redhail ''Zablocki v. Redhail'', 434 U.S. 374 (1978), was a Supreme Court of the United States, U.S. Supreme Court decision that held that Wisconsin Statutes §§ 245.10 (1), (4), (5) (1973) violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constituti ...'' (1978), a U.S. Supreme Court case {{surname, Zabłock ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Appellate Court
A court of appeals, also called a court of appeal, appellate court, appeal court, court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal. In much of the world, court systems are divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case; at least one intermediate appellate court; and a supreme court (or court of last resort) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts, often on a discretionary basis. A particular court system's supreme court is its highest appellate court. Appellate courts nationwide can operate under varying rules. Under its standard of review, an appellate court decides the extent of the deference it would give to the lower court's decision, based on whether the appeal were one of fact or of law. In reviewing an issue of fact, an appellate court ordina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Reporter
The ''Federal Reporter'' () is a case law reporter in the United States that is published by West Publishing and a part of the National Reporter System. It begins with cases decided in 1880; pre-1880 cases were later retroactively compiled by West Publishing into a separate reporter, ''Federal Cases''. The fourth and current ''Federal Reporter'' series publishes decisions of the United States courts of appeals and the United States Court of Federal Claims; prior series had varying scopes that covered decisions of other federal courts as well. Though the ''Federal Reporter'' is an unofficial reporter and West is a private company that does not have a legal monopoly over the court opinions it publishes, it has so dominated the industry in the United States that legal professionals, including judges, uniformly cite to the ''Federal Reporter'' for included decisions. Approximately 30 new volumes are published each year. Distinctions The ''Federal Reporter'' has always published de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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