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Turkish Coup D'état
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Turkish coup d'état may refer to: Coup d'état * Ottoman coups of 1807–1808 * 1876 Ottoman coup d'état * 1912 Ottoman coup d'état * 1913 Ottoman coup d'état * 1960 Turkish coup d'état * 1962 Turkish coup d'état attempt * * * * 1980 Turkish coup d'état *2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt Memorandums * 1971 Turkish military memorandum * * 1997 Turkish military memorandum * E-memorandum Cases associated with coup * * 1993 alleged Turkish military coup * Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz and Eldiven * Ergenekon trials * Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan) * Operation Cage Action Plan Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Coups Of 1807–1808
The Ottoman palace coups of 1807–1808 refers to several coups and rebellions deposing or restoring to the throne three Ottoman sultans, that took place as a result of the attempted reforms of Selim III. Causes The Ottoman Empire was in decline by the early 19th century, and had lost much of the territory it had ruled over only a century earlier. However, the threat of the conservative, traditionalist Janissaries, the sultan's elite troops, prevented reforms from being enacted by more liberal rulers. In 1789, Sultan Abdulhamid I died, and his nephew Selim III, the son of Abdulhamid's predecessor, ascended to the throne. Selim, a composer of some talent as well as an advocate of modernization, was inspired to a certain degree by the French Revolution, his efforts at Westernization culminating with a levy for new regular troops in 1805. The reforms, particularly the levy, angered the Janissaries and other conservative elements, who rose up and killed leading reform advocates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1997 Turkish Military Memorandum
The 1997 military memorandum ( tr, 28 Şubat, "28 February"; also called ''Post-modern darbe'', "Post-modern coup") in Turkey refers to the decisions issued by the Turkish military leadership on a National Security Council meeting on 28 February 1997. This memorandum initiated the process that precipitated the resignation of Islamist prime minister Necmettin Erbakan of the Welfare Party, and the end of his coalition government. As the government was forced out without dissolving the parliament or suspending the constitution, the event has been famously labelled a "postmodern coup" by the Turkish admiral Salim Dervişoğlu. The process after the coup is alleged to have been organised by the Batı Çalışma Grubu (Western Working Group), a purported clandestine group within the military. Preparations The operation was planned by generals İsmail Hakkı Karadayı, Çevik Bir, Teoman Koman, Çetin Doğan, Necdet Timur, and Erol Özkasnak. In 2012, Hasan Celal Güzel said th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Cage Action Plan
Operation Cage Action Plan (Turkish: ''Kafes Operasyonu Eylem Planı'') is an alleged coup plan by elements of the Turkish military (specifically, within the Naval Forces Command), which became public in 2009. The plan forms part of the Poyrazköy case of the Ergenekon trials, as the munitions found at Poyrazköy in 2009 are alleged to have been resources belonging to the same group. The indictment listed retired Admiral Ahmet Feyyaz Öğütçü along with two other admirals as the lead organisers. Events Prosecutors allege that one of the contributors to the plan is the West Study Group (BÇG) - a group allegedly formed as part of the 1997 "post-modern" coup.Today's Zaman, 29 January 2010Cage plan mentioned in Poyrazköy indictment According to an Istanbul Police report, the plan was masterminded by İbrahim Şahin and was devised by Ergenekon, and has links with the Zirve Publishing House massacre. ''Yeni Şafak'' claimed in 2010 that according to documents retrieved by polic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sledgehammer (alleged Coup Plan)
Operation Sledgehammer ( tr, Balyoz Harekâtı) is the name of an alleged Turkish secularist military coup plan dating back to 2003, The case was heavily criticised by the political opposition for the suspected involvement of high-ranking bureaucrats and legal officials which were close to the Cemaat movement, an Islamist movement led by exiled cleric and (then) AKP ally Fethullah Gülen. Numerous legal flaws and improper procedures throughout the case, and the lack of a response by the government also drew concern. This included the case that the original Sledgehammer document, claimed to have been produced in 2003, was actually created using Microsoft Word 2007. Other irregularities included the forging of signatures of high-ranking military officers, such as that of General Çetin Doğan. In 2012 some 300 of the 365 suspects were sentenced to prison terms, while 34 suspects were acquitted. The case was to be appealed. On 19 June 2014 all the accused were ordered released fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ergenekon Trials
The Ergenekon trials were a series of high-profile trials which took place on 2008–2016 in Turkey in which 275 people, including military officers, journalists and opposition lawmakers, all alleged members of Ergenekon, a suspected secularist clandestine organization, were accused of plotting against the Turkish government. The trials resulted in lengthy prison sentences for the majority of the accused. Those sentences were overturned shortly after. Since Istanbul Heavy Penal Court 13 (tr: ''13. İstanbul Ağır Ceza Mahkemesi'') accepted the 2,455-page indictment against 86 defendants in the first case against alleged members of the supposed clandestine organization Ergenekon on 28 July 2008 a further 14 indictments were submitted up until February 2011.Ergenekon'da dav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz And Eldiven
Sarıkız, Ayışığı, Yakamoz, Eldiven were the names of alleged Turkish military coup plans in 2004. Plans In 2007, the ''Nokta'' weekly published portions of a diary purportedly belonging to the retired general Özden Örnek, indicating that four coup plans were prepared: Sarıkız (blonde girl; idiomatic for 'cow'), Ayışığı (moonlight), Yakamoz (Sea Sparkle), and Eldiven (glove). some have argued the names are code for army, airforce, navy, and police respectfully Admiral Örnek himself called the diary a forgery. The Armed Forces evaded the issue without denying its authenticity altogether. For his part, general Hurşit Tolon said he found no reason to object to the publication of the diaries since they contained no false statements about him. The diary was not used as evidence in the 2455-page-long indictment. Eldiven indicated a "discord within the Turkish Armed Forces" on the matter of supporting coup plans and proposed remedies to overcome it. The main purpose o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1993 Alleged Turkish Military Coup
According to some sources, there was a coup d'état in 1993 in Turkey, allegedly organised and carried out by elements of the Turkish military through covert means. Although the early 1990s were a period of great violence in Turkey due to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, 1993 saw a series of suspicious deaths: of President Turgut Özal, leading military figures, and journalists. Particularly in the context of the Ergenekon trials from 2008 onwards and related investigations into the Turkish deep state and the suspicious deaths from this period, claims of a "covert coup" intended to prevent a peace settlement (and to protect the covert relationships between the Turkish military, intelligence services including JITEM, Counter-Guerrilla, certain Kurdish groups including Kurdish Hizbollah, and the Turkish mafia) have been made. Fikri Sağlar, a former member of the parliamentary commission which investigated the Susurluk scandal which first began to shed light on the Turkish deep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E-memorandum
The e-memorandum ( tr, e-muhtıra) was a controversial set of statements released on the website of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces in April 2007 that weighed in on the Turkish presidential elections in 2007. The way the statements were written caused concerns that the Turkish military would intervene in the election against leading candidate Abdullah Gül in defence of secularism. Turkey's presidential office is regarded as the guardian of the country's secular system; the fact that Gül's wife wore an Islamic headscarf, as well as Gül's own history in political Islam, turned the elections into a political crisis. Statement During the crisis, on 27 April 2007, statements were published on Turkish Armed Forces official website regarding the Turkish presidential elections. One statement read: The ''e-memorandum'' term was coined by Ural Akbulut to describe the General Staff statement because it was published exclusively online. Response from the 59th Government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1971 Turkish Military Memorandum
The 1971 Turkish military memorandum ( tr, 12 Mart Muhtırası), issued on 12 March that year, was the second military intervention to take place in the Republic of Turkey, coming 11 years after its 1960 predecessor. It is known as the "coup by memorandum", which the military delivered in lieu of sending out tanks, as it had done previously. The event came amid worsening domestic strife, but ultimately did little to halt this phenomenon. Background As the 1960s wore on, violence and instability plagued Turkey. An economic recession late in that decade sparked a wave of social unrest marked by street demonstrations, labour strikes and political assassinations.Cleveland, William L. ''A history of the modern Middle East''. Westview Press (2004), , p.283 Left-wing workers' and students' movements were formed, countered on the right by Islamist and militant Turkish nationalist groups.Nohlen, Dieter, et al. (2001) ''Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook''. Oxford Universi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1876 Ottoman Coup D'état
On 30 May 1876, a government coup occurred in the Ottoman capital of Istanbul, which resulted in the dethronement of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulaziz, and subsequently, the appointment of Murad V as the Sultan. Background In the last period of Abdulaziz's reign, the economic situation was getting worse. In 1875, uprisings against the Ottoman Empire broke out in Serbia, the Aegean Islands, Egypt, Montenegro, Romania and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The Bulgarian Revolts, which broke out in the Panagurishte region in April 1876, spread to the entire Sredna Gora region. Around 1,000 Muslim people living in the region were killed by the rebellious Bulgarians. As a result, reciprocal massacres took place between Bulgarians and Caucasian Muslims, such as Circassians and Abazas, who were expelled from the Caucasus by the Russian Empire and forced to migrate to the region. These massacres were evaluated as if they were committed against the Bulgarians unilaterally in Europe, causing a negative ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2016 Turkish Coup D'état Attempt
On 15 July 2016, a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces, organized as the Peace at Home Council, attempted a coup d'état against state institutions, including the government and President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. They attempted to seize control of several places in Ankara, Istanbul, Marmaris and elsewhere, such as the Asian side entrance of the Bosphorus Bridge, but failed to do so after forces loyal to the state defeated them. The Council cited an erosion of secularism, elimination of democratic rule, disregard for human rights, and Turkey's loss of credibility in the international arena as reasons for the coup. The government said the coup leaders were linked to the Gülen movement, which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman and scholar who lives in Pennsylvania. The Turkish government alleged that Gülen was behind the coup (which Gülen denied) and that the United States was harboring him. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1980 Turkish Coup D'état
The 1980 Turkish coup d'état ( tr, 12 Eylül Darbesi), headed by Chief of the General Staff General Kenan Evren, was the third coup d'état in the history of the Republic of Turkey, the previous having been the 1960 coup and the 1971 coup by memorandum. During the Cold War era, Turkey saw political violence (1976–1980) between far-left, far-right (Grey Wolves), Islamist militant groups, and the state. The violence saw a sharp downturn for a period after the coup, which was welcomed by some for restoring order by quickly executing 50 people and arresting 500,000 of which hundreds would die in prison. For the next three years the Turkish Armed Forces ruled the country through the National Security Council, before democracy was restored with the 1983 Turkish general election.Amnesty International, ''Turkey: Human Rights Denied'', London, November 1988, AI Index: EUR/44/65/88, , pg. 1. This period saw an intensification of the Turkish nationalism of the state, including b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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