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TrueSkill
TrueSkill is a skill-based ranking system developed by Microsoft for use with video game matchmaking on Xbox Live. Unlike the popular Elo rating system, which was initially designed for chess, TrueSkill is designed to support games with more than two players. In 2018, Microsoft published details about an extended version of TrueSkill, named TrueSkill2. Calculation A player's skill is represented as a normal distribution \mathcal characterized by a mean value of \mu (mu, representing perceived skill) and a variance of \sigma (sigma, representing how "unconfident" the system is in the player's \mu value). As such \mathcal(x) can be interpreted as the probability that the player's "true" skill is x. On Xbox Live, players start with \mu = 25 and \sigma = 25/3; \mu always increases after a win and always decreases after a loss. The extent of actual updates depends on each player's \sigma and on how "surprising" the outcome is to the system. Unbalanced games, for example, result in eith ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xbox Live
The Xbox network, formerly and still sometimes branded as Xbox Live, is an online multiplayer gaming and digital media delivery service created and operated by Microsoft. It was first made available to the Xbox system on November 15, 2002. An updated version of the service became available for the Xbox 360 console at the system's launch in November 2005, and a further enhanced version was released in 2013 with the Xbox One. This same version is also used with Xbox Series X and Series S. This service, in addition to a Microsoft account, is the account for Xbox consoles; accounts can store games and other content. The service was extended in 2007 on the Windows platform, named Games for Windows – Live, which makes most aspects of the system available on Windows computers. Microsoft has announced plans to extend Live to other platforms such as handhelds and mobile phones as part of the Live Anywhere initiative. With Microsoft's mobile operating system, Windows Phone, fu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elo Rating System
The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in zero-sum games such as chess. It is named after its creator Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-American physics professor. The Elo system was invented as an improved chess-rating system over the previously used Harkness system, but is also used as a rating system in association football, American football, baseball, basketball, pool, table tennis, and various board games and esports. The difference in the ratings between two players serves as a predictor of the outcome of a match. Two players with equal ratings who play against each other are expected to score an equal number of wins. A player whose rating is 100 points greater than their opponent's is expected to score 64%; if the difference is 200 points, then the expected score for the stronger player is 76%. A player's Elo rating is represented by a number which may change depending on the outcome of rated games played. After every game, the winn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Expectation Propagation
Expectation propagation (EP) is a technique in Bayesian machine learning. EP finds approximations to a probability distribution. It uses an iterative approach that uses the factorization structure of the target distribution. It differs from other Bayesian approximation approaches such as variational Bayesian methods. More specifically, suppose we wish to approximate an intractable probability distribution p(\mathbf) with a tractable distribution q(\mathbf). Expectation propagation achieves this approximation by minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence \mathrm(p, , q). Variational Bayesian methods minimize \mathrm(q, , p) instead. If q(\mathbf) is a Gaussian \mathcal(\mathbf, \mu, \Sigma), then \mathrm(p, , q) is minimized with \mu and \Sigma being equal to the mean of p(\mathbf) and the covariance In probability theory and statistics, covariance is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables. If the greater values of one variable mainly correspond with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond campus located in Redmond, Washington, United States. Its best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 21 in the 2020 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue; it was the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2019. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta. Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975, to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800. It ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chess
Chess is a board game for two players, called White and Black, each controlling an army of chess pieces in their color, with the objective to checkmate the opponent's king. It is sometimes called international chess or Western chess to distinguish it from related games, such as xiangqi (Chinese chess) and shogi (Japanese chess). The recorded history of chess goes back at least to the emergence of a similar game, chaturanga, in seventh-century India. The rules of chess as we know them today emerged in Europe at the end of the 15th century, with standardization and universal acceptance by the end of the 19th century. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of people worldwide. Chess is an abstract strategy game that involves no hidden information and no use of dice or cards. It is played on a chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. At the start, each player controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normal Distribution
In statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable. The general form of its probability density function is : f(x) = \frac e^ The parameter \mu is the mean or expectation of the distribution (and also its median and mode), while the parameter \sigma is its standard deviation. The variance of the distribution is \sigma^2. A random variable with a Gaussian distribution is said to be normally distributed, and is called a normal deviate. Normal distributions are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not known. Their importance is partly due to the central limit theorem. It states that, under some conditions, the average of many samples (observations) of a random variable with finite mean and variance is itself a random variable—whose distribution converges to a normal d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upset (competition)
An upset occurs in a competition, frequently in electoral politics or sports, when the party popularly expected to win (the "favorite"), either loses to or draws/ties a game with an underdog whom the majority expects to lose, defying the conventional wisdom. If it happens in a cup competition, it is sometimes referred to as a "cupset" (a portmanteau, combining the words "cup" and "upset"). It is often used in reference to beating the betting odds in sports, or beating the opinion polls in electoral politics. Origin The meaning of the word "upset" has long included "an overthrowing or overturn of ideas, plans, etc." (see OED definition 6b), from which the sports definition almost surely derived. "Upset" also once referred to "a curved part of a bridle-bit, fitting over the tongue of the horse", (now the port of a curb bit) but, even though the modern sports meaning of "upset" was first used far more for horse races than for any other competition, there is no evidence of a connect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Factor Graph
A factor graph is a bipartite graph representing the factorization of a function. In probability theory and its applications, factor graphs are used to represent factorization of a probability distribution function, enabling efficient computations, such as the computation of marginal distributions through the sum-product algorithm. One of the important success stories of factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm is the decoding of capacity-approaching error-correcting codes, such as LDPC and turbo codes. Factor graphs generalize constraint graphs. A factor whose value is either 0 or 1 is called a constraint. A constraint graph is a factor graph where all factors are constraints. The max-product algorithm for factor graphs can be viewed as a generalization of the arc-consistency algorithm for constraint processing. Definition A factor graph is a bipartite graph representing the factorization of a function. Given a factorization of a function g(X_1,X_2,\dots,X_n), :g(X ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moment Matching
Moment or Moments may refer to: * Present time Music * The Moments, American R&B vocal group Albums * ''Moment'' (Dark Tranquillity album), 2020 * ''Moment'' (Speed album), 1998 * ''Moments'' (Darude album) * ''Moments'' (Christine Guldbrandsen album) * ''Moments'' (Mark Holden album), 1995 * ''Moments'' (Leo Ku album) * ''Moments'' (Barbara Mandrell album) * ''Moments'' (Andrew Rayel album) * ''Moments'' (Boz Scaggs album) Songs * "Moment" (Blanche song) (2018) * "Moment" (SMAP song) (2012) * "Moment", a song by Aiden from ''Conviction'' * "Moment", a 2014 song by Young Money from '' Young Money: Rise of an Empire'', featuring Lil Wayne * "Moments" (Hans Bollandsås song) (2010) * "Moments" (Emerson Drive song) (2007) * "Moments" (Ayumi Hamasaki song) (2004) * "Moments" (Tove Lo song) (2014) * "Moments" (One Direction song) (2011) * "Moments" (Freddy Verano song) * "Moments", a song by Westlife from ''Westlife'' Film and television * ''Moment'' (film), a 1978 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belief Propagation
A belief is an attitude that something is the case, or that some proposition is true. In epistemology, philosophers use the term "belief" to refer to attitudes about the world which can be either true or false. To believe something is to take it to be true; for instance, to believe that snow is white is comparable to accepting the truth of the proposition "snow is white". However, holding a belief does not require active introspection. For example, few carefully consider whether or not the sun will rise tomorrow, simply assuming that it will. Moreover, beliefs need not be ''occurrent'' (e.g. a person actively thinking "snow is white"), but can instead be ''dispositional'' (e.g. a person who if asked about the color of snow would assert "snow is white"). There are various different ways that contemporary philosophers have tried to describe beliefs, including as representations of ways that the world could be (Jerry Fodor), as dispositions to act as if certain things are true (Rod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Software Patents
A software patent is a patent on a piece of software, such as a computer program, libraries, user interface, or algorithm. Background A patent is a set of exclusionary rights granted by a state to a patent holder for a limited period of time, usually 20 years. These rights are granted to patent applicants in exchange for their disclosure of the inventions. Once a patent is granted in a given country, no person may make, use, sell or import/export the claimed invention in that country without the permission of the patent holder. Permission, where granted, is typically in the form of a license which conditions are set by the patent owner: it may be free or in return for a royalty payment or lump sum fee. Patents are territorial in nature. To obtain a patent, inventors must file patent applications in each and every country in which they want a patent. For example, separate applications must be filed in Japan, China, the United States and India if the applicant wishes to obtain pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rating Systems
A rating is an evaluation or assessment of something, in terms of quality, quantity, or some combination of both. Rating or ratings may also refer to: Business and economics * Credit rating, estimating the credit worthiness of an individual, corporation or country * Ranally city rating system, a tool used to classify U.S. cities based on economic function * Telecommunications rating, the calculated cost of a phone call Entertainment * Arbitron ratings or Nielsen Audio, consumer research on radio broadcasting audiences in the United States * Content rating, the suitability of a TV broadcast, movie, comic book, or video game to its audience ** Motion picture rating system, categorizes films according to their suitability for adults and children ** Television content rating systems, categorizes TV shows based on suitability for audiences ** Video game content rating system, categorizes video games based on suitability for players * Nielsen ratings, measuring viewership of United ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
