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Third Section Of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery
The Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery (, or ''III otdeleniye sobstvennoy E.I.V. kantselyarii'' - in full: Третье отделение Собственной Его Императорского Величества канцелярии ''Tretye otdeleniye Sobstvennoy Yego Yimperatorskogo Velichestva kantselyarii'', sometimes translated as Third Department) was a secret-police department set up in Imperial Russia. As a successor-organisation to the Tayny Prikaz of 1654 to 1676, to the of 1686 to 1801 and to the Specialty Chancellery, it effectively served as the Imperial régime's secret police for much of its existence. The organization was relatively small. When founded in July 1826 by Emperor Nicholas I it included only sixteen investigators. Their number increased to forty in 1855. The Third Section disbanded in 1880, replaced by the Police Department and by the Okhrana. Creation and purpose The Decembrist Revolt of December 14, 1825 shook Empe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery
His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery or H.I.M. Own Chancellery () began as personal chancellery of Paul I and grew into a kind of regent's office, run by Count Arakcheyev from 1815 and until the death of Alexander I of Russia. Under Nicholas I, the Chancellery was transformed into a large administrative body, on par with the Committee of Ministers and the Governing Senate. Since 1826, the Chancellery was divided into several sections ( sl. otdeleniye): *First Section – preparation of the Majestic Decrees and Orders, control over its execution, gubernatorial and ministerial reports, petitions to the Sovereign, state service and its awards and decorations. It was run by Stats-Secretary of His Majesty. *Second Section – codification of the Imperial Legislation, publication of the codes. Mikhail Speransky was the first head of the Section. * Third Section – political crimes, censorship, religious sects, aliens, Gendarmes, headed by General Benckendorf, who had been comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Censorship
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments and private institutions. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, it is referred to as ''self-censorship''. General censorship occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, Newspaper, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent Defamation, slander and Defamation, libel. Specific rules and regulations regarding censorship vary between Legal Jurisdiction, legal jurisdictions and/or private organiza ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vasily Andreyevich Dolgorukov
Prince Vasily Andreyevich Dolgorukov (; 1804–1868) was a Russian statesman, General of the Cavalry (1856, a full General equivalent), Minister of War (1852–1856), Chief of Gendarmes and Executive Head of the Third Section of H.I.M. Chancellery (1856–1866). Biography From the Dolgorukov family. He was born in Moscow into the family of state councilor Prince Andrei Nikolaevich Dolgorukov (1772-1834) and Elizaveta Nikolaevna Saltykova. He was baptized on February 24, 1804 in the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in Zubovo at the reception of his grandfather N. N. Saltykov. His father was the grandnephew of Field Marshal Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgorukov, his mother was the granddaughter of Chief Prosecutor Yakov Shakhovskoy. He had brothers Nikolai, Ivan (1796-1807), Ilya, Sergei (1802-1832), Dmitry (1808-1809), Vladimir and sisters Ekaterina, Maria, Alexandra. Having received his education at home, in 1821 he entered the Life Guards as a cadet. Cavalry Regiment and was pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dmitry Karakozov
Dmitry Vladimirovich Karakozov (; – ) was a Russian political activist and the first revolutionary in the Russian Empire to make an attempt on the life of a tsar. His attempt to assassinate Tsar Alexander II of Russia, Alexander II failed and Karakozov was executed. Early life and studies In early 1866 he became a member of the "revolutionary wing" of the Ishutin Society, founded by his cousin Nikolai Ishutin in Moscow in 1863. Attempted assassination of Alexander II In the spring of 1866, Karakozov arrived in St Petersburg to assassinate Alexander II of Russia, Alexander II. He circulated his hand-written proclamation called ''"Друзьям-рабочим"'' ("To Friends-Workers"), in which he incited people to revolt. He wrote a manifesto to the St Petersburg governor blaming the Tsar for the suffering of the poor: "I have decided to destroy the evil Tsar, and to die for my beloved people." This note never reached anyone; it was lost in the mail. It is possible 1866 w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Ii Of Russia
Alexander II ( rus, Алекса́ндр II Никола́евич, Aleksándr II Nikoláyevich, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ftɐˈroj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, Congress Poland, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until Assassination of Alexander II of Russia, his assassination in 1881. Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was the emancipation reform of 1861, emancipation of Serfdom in Russia, Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator ( rus, Алекса́ндр Освободи́тель, r=Aleksándr Osvobodítel, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐsvəbɐˈdʲitʲɪlʲ). The tsar was responsible for other Liberalism, liberal reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment, promoting local self-government through the ''zemstvo'' system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Drenteln
Alexander Romanovich Drenteln () (1820–1888) was a Russian general. He held the rank of General of the Infantry, and held the positions of: * Adjutant General of the H. I. M. Retinue, * Chief of Gendarmes, * the last Executive Head of the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery (1878–1880), * Commander of the Odessa Military District (1880–1881). On March 25, 1879, he was the target of a failed assassination attempt by Russian nihilists. Awards *Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov), 1st class, 1863 *Order of Saint Anna The Imperial Order of Saint Anna (; also "Order of Saint Anne" or "Order of Saint Ann") was a Holstein ducal and then Russian imperial order of chivalry. It was established by Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, on 14 February 1735, in hono ..., 1st class, 1868 References {{DEFAULTSORT:Drenteln, Alexander Romanovich 1820 births 1888 deaths Military personnel from Kyiv Chiefs of the Special Corps of Gendarmes Russi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gregory Goldenberg
Grigory Goldenberg (also referred to as Gregory Goldenberg or "Grigorii Goldenberg"; 1855–1880) was a Russian revolutionary and member of Narodnaya Volya ("People's Will"). Revolutionary life Born at Berdychiv, son of a Jewish merchant, according to Richard Pipes in his book, ''The Degaev Affair: Terror and Treason in Tsarist Russia'', Goldenberg abandoned his Orthodox Jewish family and upbringing as a youth. Having established contacts with revolutionaries he moved to Minsk where he became involved in revolutionary politics. Goldenberg was arrested and exiled in 1878 to Arkhangelsk for his revolutionary activities. He escaped and assassinated Kharkov Governor-General Prince Dmitri Kropotkin (cousin of a famous anarchist) in February 1879. After his successful assassination of the Governor of Kharkov and eluding subsequent arrest, that June (1879) he attended the secret gathering at Lipetsk which created North dnata Volya and was elected to its executive committee. He volun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ronald Hingley
Ronald Francis Hingley (26 April 1920 in Edinburgh – 23 January 2010) was an English scholar, translator and historian of Russia, specializing in Russian history and literature. Hingley was the translator and editor of the nine-volume collection of Chekhov's works published by Oxford University Press between 1974 and 1980 (known as the Oxford Chekhov). He also wrote numerous books including biographies of Chekhov, Dostoyevsky, Stalin and Boris Pasternak. He won the James Tait Black Award for his 1976 biography ''A New Life of Anton Chekhov''. He also translated several works of Russian literature, among them Alexander Solzhenitsyn's classic ''One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich'' which Hingley co-translated with Max Hayward. He was a governing body fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford, from 1961 to 1987 and an emeritus fellow from 1987 onwards. Selected works * A Concise History of Russia (1972) * Russia : A Concise History (1991) * A Life of Chekhov (Oxford Lives) (1989 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander II Of Russia
Alexander II ( rus, Алекса́ндр II Никола́евич, Aleksándr II Nikoláyevich, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ftɐˈroj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ; 29 April 181813 March 1881) was Emperor of Russia, Congress Poland, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until Assassination of Alexander II of Russia, his assassination in 1881. Alexander's most significant reform as emperor was the emancipation reform of 1861, emancipation of Serfdom in Russia, Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator ( rus, Алекса́ндр Освободи́тель, r=Aleksándr Osvobodítel, p=ɐlʲɪˈksandr ɐsvəbɐˈdʲitʲɪlʲ). The tsar was responsible for other Liberalism, liberal reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment, promoting local self-government through the ''zemstvo'' system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sophia Perovskaya
Sophia Lvovna Perovskaya (; – ) was a Russian revolutionary and a member of the revolutionary organization ''Narodnaya Volya''. She helped orchestrate the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which she was executed by hanging. Life as a revolutionary Perovskaya was born in Saint Petersburg, into an aristocratic family who were the descendants by the marriage of Elizabeth of Russia. Her father, Lev Nikolaievich Perovsky, was the military governor of Saint Petersburg. Her grandfather, Nikolay Perovsky, was a governor of Taurida. She spent her early years in the Crimea, where her education was largely neglected, but where she began reading serious books on her own. After the family moved to Saint Petersburg, Perovskaya entered the Alarchinsky Courses, a girls’ preparatory program. Here she became friends with several girls who were interested in the radical movement. She left home at the age of sixteen over her father's objections to her new friends. In 1871–1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolutions Of 1848
The revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the springtime of the peoples or the springtime of nations, were a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date. The revolutions were essentially Democracy, democratic and Liberalism, liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old Monarchy, monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism. The revolutions spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in Sicilian revolution of 1848, Italy in January 1848. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no significant coordination or cooperation among their respective revolutionaries. Some of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation (decision making), participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Von Benckendorff
Konstantin Alexander Karl Wilhelm Christoph Graf von Benckendorff (, – ) was a Russian History of Russian military ranks, cavalry general and statesman of Baltic German descent. He was also the adjutant general of Alexander I of Russia, Alexander I and a commander of partisan (''Kossak irregular'') units during the French invasion of Russia. He is most frequently remembered for his later role, under Nicholas I of Russia, Nicholas I, as the founding head of the Special Corps of Gendarmes, Gendarmes and the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery, secret police in Russia. Family and career Alexander von Benckendorff was born into the of the Baltic German nobility in Reval (present-day Tallinn, Estonia), son of General Baron (12 January 1749, Friedrichsham – 10 June 1823, Kolga), who served as the military governor of Governorate of Livonia, Livonia, and of his wife Baroness Anna Juliane Charlotte Schilling von Canstatt (31 July 1744, Thalheim, Saxony, Thalh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
