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Surra
Surra (from the Marathi ''sūra'', meaning the sound of heavy breathing through nostrils, of imitative origin) is a disease of vertebrate animals. The disease is caused by protozoan trypanosomes, specifically ''Trypanosoma evansi'', of several species which infect the blood of the vertebrate host, causing fever, weakness, and lethargy which lead to weight loss and anemia. In some animals the disease is fatal unless treated. Overview An acute form of the disease, which is generally fatal unless treated, occurs in horses, donkeys, mules, cattle, buffalo, deer, camels, Article Number 21. p.2 llamas, dogs, and cats. This form is caused by ''Trypanosoma evansi'' (Steel 1885) (Balbiani 1888), and is transmitted by horse-flies, and also by the vampire bat, ''Desmodus rotundus'', in South-America. This form occurs in South America, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. This was the first form of pathogenic trypanosome discovered and was first described by Griffith Evans in 1880 wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Griffith Evans (bacteriologist)
Griffith Evans (7 August 1835 – 7 December 1935) was a Welsh physician and veterinary pathologist who was the first to determine that a trypanosome parasite was responsible for surra disease in horses while serving in British India. Described as "the man who first saw a pathogenic trypanosome", he identified the causal organism as a haematozoon (blood parasite) in 1880 which was given the species name ''Trypanosoma evansi'' after him. Biography Evans was born in Ty-mawr, Towyn, Wales, as the only son to Evans (1801–1882) and Mary Jones (1809–1877). Coming from a wealthy family with an illustrious history he went to school at Bryn-crug and later studied privately under a local medical doctor John Pughe at Aberdovey and Towyn. Due to family circumstances, Pughe suggested that Evans could become a veterinarian in shorter time than as a doctor. He joined the course, bought himself a microscope for private study, and qualified at the top of his MRCVS batch in 1855 from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trypanosoma Evansi
''Trypanosoma evansi'' is a parasitic species of excavate trypanosome in the genus ''Trypanosoma'' that causes one form of surra in animals. Discovered by Griffith Evans in 1880 at Dera Ismail Khan (British India), it is the first known trypanosome that causes infection. It is a common parasite in India and Iran and causes acute disease in camels and horses, and chronic disease in cattle and buffalo. In Pakistan, it has been found to be the most prevalent trypanosome species in donkeys. It is now established to infect other mammals, including humans. It has been proposed that ''T. evansi'' is—like '' T. equiperdum''—a derivative of '' T. brucei''. Due to the loss of part of the mitochondrial (kinetoplast) DNA ''T. evansi'' is not capable of infecting tsetse flies, the usual invertebrate vectors of trypanosomes, and establishing the subsequent life-stages. Due to its mechanical transmission ''T. evansi'' shows a very broad vector specificity including members of the gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsetse Fly
Tsetse ( , or ) (sometimes spelled tzetze; also known as tik-tik flies), are large, biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa. Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus ''Glossina'', which are placed in their own family, Glossinidae. The tsetse are obligate parasites, which live by feeding on the blood of vertebrate animals. Tsetse have been extensively studied, because of their role in transmitting disease. They have a prominent economic impact in sub-Saharan Africa, as the biological vectors of trypanosomes, causing human and animal trypanosomiasis. Tsetse are multivoltine and long-lived, typically producing about four broods per year, with up to 31 broods over their lifespans. Tsetse can be distinguished from other large flies by two easily-observed features: Primarily, tsetse fold their wings over their abdomens completely when they are resting (so that one wing rests directly on top of the other); Secondly, tsetse also have a long proboscis, extending d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glossina Fuscipes
''Glossina fuscipes'' is a riverine fly species in the genus ''Glossina'', which are commonly known as tsetse flies. Typically found in sub-Saharan Africa but with a small Arabian range, ''G. fuscipes'' is a regional vector of African trypanosomiasis, commonly known as sleeping sickness, that causes significant rates of morbidity and mortality among humans and livestock. Consequently, the species is among several being targeted by researchers for population control as a method for controlling the disease. Physical Description ''G. fuscipes'' are often brown or grey-brown in color. Their bodies tend to have varied dark and light patches, effectively camouflaging them on surfaces such as bark, rock, or soil. At rest, ''G. fuscipes'' appear slim as they fold their wings on their backs so that one lays on top of the other. This is in contrast to houseflies and blowflies whose wings project outward at an angle while resting on their backs. Following a blood meal, the insect's abdo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pathogenicity
In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ. The term ''pathogen'' came into use in the 1880s. Typically, the term ''pathogen'' is used to describe an ''infectious'' microorganism or agent, such as a virus, bacterium, protozoan, prion, viroid, or fungus. Small animals, such as helminths and insects, can also cause or transmit disease. However, these animals are usually referred to as parasites rather than pathogens. The scientific study of microscopic organisms, including microscopic pathogenic organisms, is called microbiology, while parasitology refers to the scientific study of parasites and the organisms that host them. There are several pathways through which pathogens can invade a host. The principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil has the longes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hylochoerus
The giant forest hog (''Hylochoerus meinertzhageni''), the only member of its genus (''Hylochoerus''), is native to wooded habitats in Africa and is generally considered the largest wild member of the pig family, Suidae; however, a few subspecies of the wild boar can reach an even larger size. Despite its large size and relatively wide distribution, it was first described only in 1904. The specific name honours Richard Meinertzhagen, who shot the type specimen in Kenya and had it shipped to the Natural History Museum in England. Description The giant forest hog is, on average, the largest living species of suid. Adults can measure from in head-and-body length, with an additional tail length of . Adults stand in height at the shoulder, and can weigh from .Novak, R. M. (editor) (1999). ''Walker's Mammals of the World.'' Vol. 2. 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. pp. 1059–1060. Kingdon, J. (1997). ''The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals.'' Academic Press L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warthog
''Phacochoerus'' is a genus in the family Suidae, commonly known as warthogs (pronounced ''wart-hog''). They are pigs who live in open and semi-open habitats, even in quite arid regions, in sub-Saharan Africa. The two species were formerly considered conspecific under the scientific name ''Phacochoerus aethiopicus'', but today this is limited to the desert warthog, while the best-known and most widespread species, the common warthog (or simply warthog), is ''Phacochoerus africanus''. Skull Although covered in bristly hairs, their bodies and heads appear largely naked from a distance, with only the crest along the back, and the tufts on their cheeks and tails being obviously haired. The English name refers to their facial wattles, which are particularly distinct in males. They also have very distinct tusks, which reach a length of in the males, but are always smaller in the females.Novak, R. M. (editor) (1999). ''Walker's Mammals of the World.'' Vol. 2. 6th edition. Johns Hopk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ornithodoros
''Ornithodoros'' is a genus in the soft-bodied tick family, Argasidae. Physiology The opening between the midgut and hindgut has been lost, making the ticks unable to pass digestive waste products out of their bodies. Taxonomy The Linnean name derives from ''ornithos'' ( gr, ὄρνιθος) and ''doros'' ( gr, Δωρόν), meaning "bird" and "gift", respectively. It contains these species: *'' Ornithodoros alactagalis'' Issaakjan, 1936 *†''Ornithodoros antiquus'' Poinar, 1995 *''Ornithodoros apertus'' Walton, 1962 *''Ornithodoros arenicolous'' Hoogstraal, 1953 *''Ornithodoros asperus'' Warburton, 1918 *''Ornithodoros atacamensis'' Muñoz-Leal, Venzal & González-Acuña, 2016 *'' Ornithodoros brasiliensis'' Aragão, 1923 *''Ornithodoros cholodkovskyi'' Pavlovsky, 1930 *''Ornithodoros compactus'' Walton, 1962 *''Ornithodoros coniceps'' Canestrini, 1890 *''Ornithodoros costalis'' Diatta, Bouattour, Durand, Renaud & Trape, 2013 *''Ornithodoros coriaceus'' Koch, 1844 *''Ornith ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haematopota
''Haematopota'' is a genus of fly, flies in the horse-fly family, Tabanidae. Among the horse-flies, they are most commonly known as clegs. Many species have colorful, sinuously patterned eyes in life, a character that fades after death. The wings are typically patterned with spots of grey. The genus is named from the Ancient Greek for blood-drinker: αἷμα, haîma, blood; πότης, pótës, drinker. Some species are known to be vectors of livestock diseases. Species *''Haematopota abacis'' (Cornelius Becker Philip, Philip, 1960) *''Haematopota abbreviata'' Cornelius Becker Philip, Philip, 1959 *''Haematopota aberdarensis'' Harold Oldroyd, Oldroyd, 1952 *''Haematopota abyssinica'' Jaques Surcouf, Surcouf, 1908 *''Haematopota achlys'' Stone & Cornelius Becker Philip, Philip, 1974 *''Haematopota adami'' Ovazza, Hamon & Rickenbach, 1956 *''Haematopota adusta'' Stone & Cornelius Becker Philip, Philip, 1974 *''Haematopota albalinea'' Xu & Liao, 1985 *''Haematopota albicapilla'' Fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haematobia
''Haematobia'' is a genus of biting true flies of the family Muscidae. Species *'' H. exigua'' Meijere, 1906 *'' H. irritans'' (Linnaeus, 1758) *'' H. minuta'' ( Bezzi, 1892) *'' H. potans'' ( Bezzi, 1907) *'' H. schillingsi'' ( Grünberg, 1906) *'' H. spinigera'' Malloch, 1932 *'' H. thirouxi'' (Roubaud Roubaud may refer to: * Émile Roubaud (1882–1962), a French biologist, pathologist and entomologist * Franz Roubaud (1856-1928), a Russian painter who created some of the largest panoramic paintings * Jacques Roubaud (born 1932), a French poet a ..., 1906) *'' H. titillans'' ( Bezzi, 1907) References Muscidae Diptera of Europe Diptera of North America Diptera of Africa Diptera of Asia Muscoidea genera Taxa named by Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier Taxa named by Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville {{Muscidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stomoxys
''Stomoxys'' is a genus of Fly, flies in the family (biology), family Muscidae. The genus is unusual among the Muscidae in that it includes species that are bloodsucking Parasitism, ectoparasites of mammals. The best-known species is ''stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans'', most commonly known as the stable fly. The genus is small, comprising a dozen or two described species, and current evidence suggests that it is Paraphyly, paraphyletic as well. Species *''Stomoxys bengalensis, S. bengalensis'' Picard, 1908 *''Stomoxys bilineatus, S. bilineatus'' Karl Grünberg, Grünberg, 1906 *''Stomoxys boueti, S. boueti'' Émile Roubaud, Roubaud, 1911 *''Stable fly, S. calcitrans'' (Carl Linnaeus, Linnaeus, 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 1758) *''Stomoxys indicus, S. indicus'' Picard, 1908 *''Stomoxys inornatus, S. inornatus'' Karl Grünberg, Grünberg, 1906 *''Stomoxys luteolus, S. luteolus'' Joseph Th.Villeneuve de Janti, Villeneuve, 1934 *''Stomoxys , S. '' Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart, M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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