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Spitting Cobra
A spitting cobra is any of several species of cobras that can defensively spray a toxic secretion - functioning as both a venom (that can be injected via a wound) and a toxungen (that can be sprayed on the target surface) - from their fangs into the eyes of an attacker. Venom The spat toxungen is generally harmless on intact mammalian skin (although contact can result in delayed blistering of the area), but can cause permanent blindness if introduced to the eye; if left untreated it may cause chemosis and corneal swelling. The toxungen sprays out in distinctive geometric patterns when muscles squeeze the glands to squirt it out through forward-facing holes near the tips of the fangs. Individuals of some species of spitting cobras make hissing exhalations/lunging movements of their heads when "spitting", and such actions may assist in propelling the venom, but research does not support the hypothesis that they play any major functional part except possibly enhancing the threat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naja Nigricincta
''Naja nigricincta'' is a species of spitting cobra in the genus ''Naja'', belonging to the family Elapidae. The species is native to the deserts and drier regions of southern Africa. The species is largely nocturnal, and is often found while crossing roads at night. There are two recognized subspecies. Taxonomy ''Naja nigricincta'' had long been considered to be a subspecies of the black-necked spitting cobra (''Naja nigricollis''), but morphological and genetic differences have led to its recognition as a separate species. Subspecies Two subspecies are currently recognized under ''Naja nigricincta''. The nominate subspecies ''N. n. nigricincta'', commonly known as the zebra spitting cobra, zebra cobra or western barred spitting cobra, is given its name because of the dark crossbars that run the length of the snake's body. The subspecies ''N. n. woodi'', commonly known as the black spitting cobra, woods black spitting cobra, is solid black and is found only in the desert areas o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equatorial Spitting Cobra
The Equatorial spitting cobra (''Naja sumatrana'') also called the black spitting cobra, Malayan spitting cobra, golden spitting cobra, Sumatran spitting cobra, or Palawan spitting cobra, is a species of spitting cobra found in Southeast Asia. Description This species is medium in length, averaging between in length, though they can grow up to . The body is compressed dorsoventrally and sub-cylindrical posteriorly. The head of this species is elliptical, depressed, and slightly distinct from the neck with a short, rounded snout and large nostrils. Eyes are medium in size with round pupils. Dorsal scales are smooth and strongly oblique. This species of cobra has no hood marks and colouration varies based upon geographical location. There are two colour phases: a yellow form commonly found in Thailand and Northern Peninsular Malaysia, and a black form found in Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, and the islands where it occurs in Indonesia and the Philippines. Juveniles and adults al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Javan Spitting Cobra
The Javan spitting cobra (''Naja sputatrix''), also called Indonesian cobra, is a species of cobra in the family Elapidae, found in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia, including Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Komodo, and others. Etymology and names ''Naja sputatrix'' is classified under the genus ''Naja'' of the family Elapidae. It was first described by German entomologist, herpetologist, ornithologist, and lawyer Friedrich Boie in 1827.Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. . ("Boie", p. 31). The generic name ''Naja'' is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word ' (), meaning "cobra". The specific epithet ''sputatrix'' comes from the Latin word ''sputator'', which means ''"spitter."'' Description The Java spitting cobra is a medium to large sized snake and has long cervical ribs, capable of expanding to form a hood when threatened. The body of this species is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indochinese Spitting Cobra
The Indochinese spitting cobra (''Naja siamensis'') ( th, งูเห่า, pronounced: nguu hao) also called the Thai spitting cobra, Siamese spitting cobra, is a species of spitting cobra found in Southeast Asia. Description This is a medium-sized elapid, with a more slender build compared to most other cobras within the genus ''Naja''. The body colour of this species is variable from grey to brown to black, with white spots or stripes. The white patterning can be so prolific that it covers the majority of the snake. The highly distinctive black and white colour phase is common in central Thailand, specimens from western Thailand are mostly black, whereas individuals from elsewhere are usually brown. The hood mark can be spectacle-shaped, irregular or missing altogether, especially in adults. Adults average between in length, and can potentially reach lengths of , although this is considered rare. Body mass for adults can be tends to be around 1,600 grams. This species shou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samar Cobra
The Samar cobra (''Naja samarensis'') also called Peters' cobra, southern Philippine cobra or Visayan cobra, is a highly venomous species of spitting cobra native to the Visayas and Mindanao island groups of the Philippines. Description The Samar cobra is a species of spitting cobra that can grow up to 1.4 meters in length. Their coloring varies from a black and yellow to green. Scalation There are 17-25 scale rows around the hood, 17-19 ahead of mid-body; 161-184 ventrals, 41-52 subcaudals, basal pairs sometimes undivided. Reproduction The Samar cobra, or southeastern Philippines cobra, is oviparous, laying clutches of up to eight eggs. Distribution and habitat The Samar cobra is endemic to the southern Philippines. Specifically, the Visayas and Mindanao island groups. Habitat can vary widely from mountainous jungle to tropical plains. They can live close to human settlements. The Samar cobra typically lives at an elevation of 0 - 1,000 m (0 - 3,280 feet) asl. Behavio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippine Cobra
The Philippine cobra (''Naja philippinensis'') also called Philippine spitting cobra or northern Philippine cobra, is a stocky, highly venomous species of spitting cobra native to the northern regions of the Philippines. The Philippine cobra is called in Tagalog, in Ilocano. Taxonomy ''Naja philippinensis'' was described by American herpetologist Edward Harrison Taylor in 1922. The generic name ''naja'' is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word ' () meaning "cobra". The specific epithet ''philippinensis'' is Latin and literally means "from the Philippine Islands". Description The Philippine cobra is a stocky snake of medium length with long cervical ribs capable of expanding, so when threatened, a hood can be formed. The average length of this species is . The species can grow to lengths of However, subpopulations of the species, particularly specimens from Mindoro Island, are said to attain lengths of , but these are unconfirmed claims. If true, however, 2 m would be very rare ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandalay Spitting Cobra
The Mandalay spitting cobra (''Naja mandalayensis''), also called the Burmese spitting cobra or Mandalay cobra, is a species of spitting cobra endemic to the dry zone in central Myanmar. Etymology ''Naja mandalayensis'' was first described by herpetologists Wolfgang Wüster and Joseph Bruno Slowinski in 2000. The generic name ''naja'' is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word () meaning "cobra". The specific epithet ''mandalayensis'' is Latin and refers to the city of Mandalay, which is a major city within the range of Naja mandalayensis. Description This species of cobra is medium in length, and heavy bodied. The average length of an adult ranges from ; they can grow to . The head is elliptical, depressed, slightly distinct from the neck with a short, rounded snout and large nostrils. The body is compressed dorsoventrally and subcylindrical posteriorly. Its scales are smooth and strongly oblique. The eyes are moderate in size with round pupils. The body of this species is yellow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andaman Cobra
The Andaman cobra (''Naja sagittifera'') is a species of cobra endemic to the Andaman Islands of India. The name of this cobra comes from the Islands itself. The species has a very potent venom, and is capable of “spitting”, although this defensive behavior is very rare and the aim is poor and not as efficient as “true spitting cobras”. Taxonomy ''Naja sagittifera'' is classified under the genus ''Naja'' of the family Elapidae. It was first described by Frank Wall, a British physician and herpetologist in 1913. The generic name ''Naja'' is a Latinization of the Sanskrit word ' (), meaning "cobra”. The specific epithet ''sagittifera'' is Latin and means “arrow-bearing” or “carrying arrows”. The Caspian cobra (''Naja oxiana'') and Monocled cobra (''Naja kaouthia'') have been demonstrated to be sister clades to ''Naja sagittifera''. Noticeably, despite population separation caused by the Hindu Kush mountains, ''N. oxiana'' demonstrates a single evolutionary line ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monocled Cobra
The monocled cobra (''Naja kaouthia''), also called monocellate cobra and Indian spitting cobra, is a venomous cobra species widespread across South and Southeast Asia and listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. Taxonomy The scientific name ''Naja kaouthia'' was proposed by René Lesson in 1831, when he described the monocled cobra as a beautiful snake that is distinct from the spectacled cobra, with 188 ventral scales and 53 pairs of caudal scales. Since then, several monocled cobras were described under different scientific names: * In 1834, John Edward Gray published Thomas Hardwicke's first illustration of a monocled cobra under the trinomial ''Naja tripudians'' var. ''fasciata''. * In 1839, Theodore Edward Cantor described a brownish monocled cobra with numerous faint yellow transverse stripes and a hood marked with a white ring under the binomial ''Naja larvata'', found in Bombay, Calcutta, and Assam. Several varieties of monocled cobras were described unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Cobra
The Chinese cobra (''Naja atra''), also called the Taiwan cobra, is a species of cobra in the family Elapidae, found mostly in southern China and a couple of neighboring nations and islands. It is one of the most prevalent venomous snakes in China and Taiwan, which has caused many snakebite incidents to humans. Etymology and names ''Naja atra'' was first described by Danish physician, zoologist, and botanist Theodore Edward Cantor in 1842. The generic name ''naja'' is a Latinisation of the Sanskrit word () meaning "cobra". The specific epithet ''atra'' comes from the Latin term ''ater'', which means "dark", "black", or "gloomy". In Mandarin Chinese, the snake is known as ''Zhōnghuá yǎnjìngshé'' ( simplified: 中华眼镜蛇, traditional: 中華眼鏡蛇, lit. "Chinese spectacled snake", i.e. Chinese cobra), ''Zhōushān yǎnjìngshé'' (舟山眼鏡蛇, lit. " Zhoushan spectacled snake", i.e. Zhoushan cobra) or, in Cantonese, ''faahnchaántàuh'' (飯鏟頭, lit. " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Red Spitting Cobra
The red spitting cobra (''Naja pallida'') is a species of spitting cobra native to Africa. Description This medium-sized cobra attains lengths between , but may grow to a maximum length of around in very rare cases. It is often thought of as an attractive species; it is usually bright salmon-red contrasted with a broad black throat band and subocular teardrop markings. However, the color of this species does have variation, which usually depends on where in Africa a particular specimen is found. For example, specimens from southern Kenya and northern Tanzania have an orange-red colour, with a broad, dark blue or black throat band. Some specimens may have two or three throat bands, but this is uncommon for specimens from East Africa. The ventral side is also reddish in colour, sometimes the throat area may be a creamy white. Specimens from other areas can be yellow, pinkish, pink-grey, pale red or steel grey. Most specimens will have a throat band, but it will fade or even some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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