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SpartaDOS X
SpartaDOS X (or SpartaDOS 4.0) is a disk operating system for the Atari 8-bit family of computers that closely resembles MS-DOS. It was developed and sold by ICD, Inc. in 1987-1993, and many years later picked up by the third-party community SpartaDOS X Upgrade Project, which still maintains the software. History SpartaDOS X is a successor to SpartaDOS 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 (also ICD products) and while it enjoys good level of backward compatibility with older versions, it is a completely new system, written from scratch. SpartaDOS X 4.0 was originally developed by Michael Gustafson in 1987-89,Atari 8-bit FAQ http://faqs.cs.uu.nl/na-dir/atari-8-bit/faq.html and shipped on 64k ROM cartridges by ICD, Inc. up to version 4.21. The cartridge contained an additional cartridge slot on itself, so that it was possible to plug-in another cartridge, such as ICD's R-Time 8 battery-backed clock, a language cartridge ( Action!, MAC/65 etc.) or a game cartridge, and use it in conjunction wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COMMAND
Command may refer to: Computing * Command (computing), a statement in a computer language * COMMAND.COM, the default operating system shell and command-line interpreter for DOS * Command key, a modifier key on Apple Macintosh computer keyboards * Command pattern, a software design pattern in which objects represent actions * Voice command, in speech recognition Military * Military command (instruction) or military order * Command responsibility, the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of war crimes * Command (military formation), an organizational unit * Command and control, the exercise of authority in a military organization * Command hierarchy, a group of people dedicated to carrying out orders "from the top" Music * ''Command'' (album), a 2009 album by Client * Command Records, a record label Sports * Command (baseball), the ability of a pitcher to throw a pitch where he intends to * Kansas City Command, a former professional arena football team * Commands (hors ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sparse File
In computer science, a sparse file is a type of computer file that attempts to use file system space more efficiently when the file itself is partially empty. This is achieved by writing brief information ( metadata) ''representing'' the empty blocks to the data storage media instead of the actual "empty" space which makes up the block, thus consuming less storage space. The full block size is written to the media as the actual size only when the block contains "real" (non-empty) data. When reading sparse files, the file system transparently converts metadata representing empty blocks into "real" blocks filled with null bytes at runtime. The application is unaware of this conversion. Most modern file systems support sparse files, including most Unix variants and NTFS. Apple's HFS+ does not provide support for sparse files, but in OS X, the virtual file system layer supports storing them in any supported file system, including HFS+. Apple File System (APFS), announced in June 2016 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
File Allocation Table
File Allocation Table (FAT) is a file system developed for personal computers. Originally developed in 1977 for use on floppy disks, it was adapted for use on hard disks and other devices. It is often supported for compatibility reasons by current operating systems for personal computers and many mobile devices and embedded systems, allowing interchange of data between disparate systems. The increase in disk drives capacity required three major variants: FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32. The FAT standard has also been expanded in other ways while generally preserving backward compatibility with existing software. FAT is no longer the default file system for Microsoft Windows computers. FAT file systems are still commonly found on floppy disks, flash and other solid-state memory cards and modules (including USB flash drives), as well as many portable and embedded devices. FAT is the standard file system for digital cameras per the DCF specification. Overview Concepts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
File System
In computing, file system or filesystem (often abbreviated to fs) is a method and data structure that the operating system uses to control how data is stored and retrieved. Without a file system, data placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of data stopped and the next began, or where any piece of data was located when it was time to retrieve it. By separating the data into pieces and giving each piece a name, the data are easily isolated and identified. Taking its name from the way a paper-based data management system is named, each group of data is called a "file". The structure and logic rules used to manage the groups of data and their names is called a "file system." There are many kinds of file systems, each with unique structure and logic, properties of speed, flexibility, security, size and more. Some file systems have been designed to be used for specific applications. For example, the ISO 9660 file system is designe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SpartaDOS X 64 Column Mode
Atari DOS is the disk operating system used with the Atari 8-bit family of computers. Operating system extensions loaded into memory were required in order for an Atari computer to manage files stored on a disk drive. These extensions to the operating system added the disk handler and other file management features. The most important extension is the disk handler. In Atari DOS 2.0, this was the File Management System (FMS), an implementation of a file system loaded from a floppy disk. This meant at least an additional RAM was needed to run with DOS loaded. Versions There were several versions of Atari DOS available, with the first version released in 1979. Atari was using a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cd (command)
The command, also known as (change directory), is a command-line shell command used to change the current working directory in various operating systems. It can be used in shell scripts and batch files. Implementations The command has been implemented in operating systems such as Unix, DOS, IBM OS/2, MetaComCo TRIPOS, AmigaOS (where if a bare path is given, cd is ''implied''), Microsoft Windows, ReactOS, and Linux. On MS-DOS, it is available in versions 2 and later. DR DOS 6.0 also includes an implementation of the and commands. The command is also available in the open source MS-DOS emulator DOSBox and in the EFI shell. It is named in HP MPE/iX. The command is analogous to the Stratus OpenVOS command. is frequently included built directly into a command-line interpreter. This is the case in most of the Unix shells ( Bourne shell, tcsh, bash, etc.), cmd.exe on Microsoft Windows NT/2000+ and Windows PowerShell on Windows 7+ and COMMAND.COM on DOS/ Microsoft Wind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chmod
In Unix and Unix-like operating systems, is the command (computing), command and system call used to change the File-system permissions, access permissions and the #Special modes, special mode flags (the setuid, ''setuid'', ''setgid'', and sticky bit, ''sticky'' flags) of file system objects (Computer file, files and Directory (computing), directories). Collectively these were originally called its modes, and the name was chosen as an abbreviation of ''change mode''. History A command first appeared in AT&T Corporation, AT&T Unix, UNIX version 1, along with the system call. As systems grew in number and types of users, access-control lists were added to many file systems in addition to these most basic modes to increase flexibility. The version of bundled in GNU coreutils was written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering. The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of Native (computing), native Windows API, Win32 por ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mkdir
The mkdir (make directory) command in the Unix, DOS, DR FlexOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows, and ReactOS operating systems is used to make a new directory. It is also available in the EFI shell and in the PHP scripting language. In DOS, OS/2, Windows and ReactOS, the command is often abbreviated to md. The command is analogous to the Stratus OpenVOS create_dir command. MetaComCo TRIPOS and AmigaDOS provide a similar MakeDir command to create new directories. The numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include an mkdir function with similar functionality. History In early versions of Unix ( 4.1BSD and early versions of System V), this command had to be setuid root as the kernel did not have an mkdir syscall. Instead, it made the directory with mknod and linked in the . and .. directory entries manually. The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 and later. Digital Research DR DOS 6.0 and Datalight ROM-DOS also include an implementation of the and comma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ren (command)
In computing, ren (or rename) is a command in various command-line interpreters ( shells) such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe, 4DOS, 4NT and Windows PowerShell. It is used to rename computer files and in some implementations (such as AmigaDOS) also directories. It is analogous to the Unix mv command. However, unlike mv, ren cannot be used to move files, as a new directory for the destination file may not be used. Alternatively, move may be used if available. On versions of MS-DOS that do not support the move command (older than 6.00), the user would simply copy the file to a new destination, and then delete the original file. A notable exception to this rule is DOSBox, in which ren may be used to move a file, since move is not supported. Implementations The command is available in the operating systems Digital Research CP/M, MP/M, Cromemco CDOS, MetaComCo TRIPOS, DOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows, ReactOS, SymbOS, and DexOS. Multics includes a rename command to rename a directory en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rmdir
In computing, rmdir (or rd) is a command (computing), command which will remove an empty directory (file systems), directory on various operating systems. Implementations The command is available in Unix (e.g. macOS, Solaris (operating system), Solaris, AIX, HP-UX), Unix-like (e.g. FreeBSD, Linux), DOS, Digital Research FlexOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows or ReactOS operating systems. On MS-DOS, the command is available in versions 2 and later. DR DOS 6.0 also includes an implementation of the command. It is also available in the open source MS-DOS emulator DOSBox and in KolibriOS. The numerical analysis, numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include an rmdir function with similar functionality. Usage Unix, Unix-like Normal usage is straightforward: rmdir name_of_directory where name_of_directory corresponds with the name of the directory one wishes to delete. There are options to this command such as -p in Unix which removes parent directories if they ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Environment Variable
An environment variable is a dynamic-named value that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer. They are part of the environment in which a process runs. For example, a running process can query the value of the TEMP environment variable to discover a suitable location to store temporary files, or the HOME or USERPROFILE variable to find the directory structure owned by the user running the process. They were introduced in their modern form in 1979 with Version 7 Unix, so are included in all Unix operating system flavors and variants from that point onward including Linux and macOS. From PC DOS 2.0 in 1982, all succeeding Microsoft operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, and OS/2 also have included them as a feature, although with somewhat different syntax, usage and standard variable names. Design In all Unix and Unix-like systems, as well as on Windows, each process has its own separate set of environment variables. By default, when a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
