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Smoker’s Macrophages
Smoker’s macrophages are alveolar macrophages whose characteristics, including appearance, cellularity, phenotypes, immune response, and other functions, have been affected upon the exposure to cigarettes. These altered immune cells are derived from several signaling pathways and are able to induce numerous respiratory diseases. They are involved in asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. Smoker’s macrophages are observed in both firsthand and secondhand smokers, so anyone exposed to cigarette contents, or cigarette smoke extract (CSE), would be susceptible to these macrophages, thus in turns leading to future complications. Alveolar macrophages are crucial in processing inhaled substances including cigarette chemicals and particulate matter. The chemicals in tobacco, such as nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, stimulate several physiological pathways, which influence the recruitment and functions of these macrophages. Some ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marlboro Cigarettes
Marlboro (, ) is an American brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Philip Morris USA (a branch of Altria) within the United States and by Philip Morris International (now separate from Altria) outside the US. The largest Marlboro cigarette manufacturing plant is located in Richmond, Virginia. As of 2017, Marlboro had 40% market share in the US. History In 1846, British tobacconist Phillip Morris opened a shop on Bond Street, London, United Kingdom, selling tobacco and rolled cigarettes. After his death from cancer in 1873, his brother Leopold and widow Margaret continued the business, growing it and opening a factory on Great Marlborough Street, London, from which the name was taken. Philip Morris opened a New York subsidiary in 1902 to sell many of its cigarette brands. The mark ''"Marlboro"'' was registered in the US in 1908 although no cigarette was marketed under this name until 1923. In 1924, the brand was launched. They were first marketed as "A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
