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September Days
The September Days ( hy, 1918 թ. Բաքվի հայերի կոտորած, translit=Bakvi hayeri kotorats, translation=1918 massacre of Baku Armenians) refers to a period during the Russian Civil War in September 1918 when Armenian inhabitants of Baku were massacred by Enver Pasha's Army of Islam and their local Azeri allies when they captured Baku, the soon-to-be capital of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.Hovannisian. ''Armenia on the Road to Independence'', p. 227.Human Rights Watch. Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights'. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1995. According to most estimates, approximately 10,000 ethnic Armenians were killed in the violence, although some sources claim the number to be as high as 30,000.Andreopoulos, George (1997). ''Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, , p. 236. The massacre is said by some scholars to have been carried out in retaliation for the earlier Marc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persecution Of Armenians
Anti-Armenian sentiment, also known as anti-Armenianism and Armenophobia, is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against towards Armenians, Armenia, and Culture of Armenia, Armenian culture. Historically, anti-Armenianism has manifested in several ways, ranging from expressions of hatred of or discrimination against individual Armenians to List of massacres of Armenians, organized pogroms by mobs or state-sanctioned genocide. Notable instances or persecution include the Hamidian massacres, Hamidean massacres (1894-1897), the Adana massacre (1909), the Armenian genocide (1915), the Armenian victims of the Great Purge, Stalinist Great Purge (1936-1938), and the Sumgait pogrom (1988). Modern anti-Armenianism is often expressed by opposition to the actions or existence of Armenia, an Armenian state, aggressive denial of the Armenian genocide or belief in an Armenian Conspiracy theory, conspiracy to fabricate history and manipulate public and political opinion for polit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) // CITED: p. 36 (PDF p. 38/338) also known as the Turkish Empire, was an empire that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt (modern-day Bilecik Province) by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe and, with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed the Conqueror. Under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire marked the peak of its power and prosperity, as well a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mass Murder In 1918
Mass is an intrinsic property of a body. It was traditionally believed to be related to the quantity of matter in a physical body, until the discovery of the atom and particle physics. It was found that different atoms and different elementary particles, theoretically with the same amount of matter, have nonetheless different masses. Mass in modern physics has multiple definitions which are conceptually distinct, but physically equivalent. Mass can be experimentally defined as a measure of the body's inertia, meaning the resistance to acceleration (change of velocity) when a net force is applied. The object's mass also determines the strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies. The SI base unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). In physics, mass is not the same as weight, even though mass is often determined by measuring the object's weight using a spring scale, rather than balance scale comparing it directly with known masses. An object on the Moon would weigh le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shusha Pogrom
The Shusha massacre or Shushi massacre ( hy, Շուշիի ջարդեր, translit=Shushii jarder), also known as the Shusha pogrom, was the mass killing of the Armenian population of Shusha and the destruction of the Armenian half of the city in 1920. After the collapse of the Russian Empire, the ownership of Nagorno-Karabakh with its largest city of Shusha became hotly contested between the newly founded First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. The mediator's role was endorsed by the British who started to support the newly formed republics in an attempt to halt the Soviet advance in Caucasus. However, the authority of the British-appointed Azerbaijani governor general of Karabakh Khosrov bey Sultanov was undermined and a new armed struggle between Armenians and Azerbaijanis ensued. Sultanov managed to achieve a brief military and political advantage, but in late March 1920 fightings with Armenians resumed. The massacre in Shusha itself took place between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mughan Steppe
Mughan plain ( az, Muğan düzü, مغان دوزو; ) is a plain stretching from Azerbaijan (Iran), northwestern Iran to the southern part of the Azerbaijan, Republic of Azerbaijan. The highest density of irrigation canals is in the section of the Mughan plain which lies in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is located on the bank of the Aras river extending to Iran. The Mughan plain consists of five cities: Bilehard, Parsabad, Jafarabad, Iran, Jafarabad, Germi and Aslan Duz. One-third of the plain is located in Iran and the rest is in Azerbaijan. From 1353 to 1372, Garmi was the center of this city. After that, Mughan was divided into three cities, Bileh Savar, Garmi and Parsabad. The soil of this plain is very fertile. History Prehistory Alikomektepe The ancient settlement of Alikomektepe, dating to 5000 BC, is located in the Mughan plain and covers an area of over 1 hectare.Махмудов Ф.Р., Нариманов П.Г., 1974. Поселение Аликемек-тепе ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armenian Genocide Museum
The Armenian Genocide Memorial complex ( hy, Հայոց ցեղասպանության զոհերի հուշահամալիր, ''Hayots tseghaspanutyan zoheri hushahamalir'', or Ծիծեռնակաբերդ, '' Tsitsernakaberd'') is Armenia's official memorial dedicated to the victims of the Armenian genocide, built in 1967 on the hill of Tsitsernakaberd ( hy, Ծիծեռնակաբերդ) in Yerevan. Every year on 24 April, the Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day, thousands of Armenians gather at the memorial to commemorate the victims of the genocide. The people who gather in Tsiternakaberd lay fresh flowers out of respect for all the people who died in the Armenian genocide. Over the years, from around the world, a wide range of politicians, artists, musician, athletes, and religious figures have visited the memorial. The Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute (Հայոց ցեղասպանության թանգարան-ինստիտուտ ''Hayots tseghaspanut'yan tangaran-institut'') was open ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Firuz Kazemzadeh
Firuz Kazemzadeh ( fa, فیروز کاظمزاده; October 27, 1924 – May 17, 2017) was a Russian-born American historian who was professor emeritus of history at Yale University. Biography Firuz Kazemzadeh was born in Moscow to an Iranian father and a Russian mother. His father served in the Iranian embassy in Moscow. After completing his primary and secondary education in Moscow, Kazemzadeh (then aged 16) and his family moved to Iran. In 1944, during the height of World War II, he travelled from Tehran to the United States and entered Stanford University, graduating with distinction (Phi Beta Kappa) in 1946 and obtaining an MA in 1947. In 1950 Kazemzadeh received a Ph.D. in Russian history from Harvard University. Kazemzadeh taught at Harvard in 1954 – 1956, then moved to Yale where he was professor of history until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1992. While at Yale, he also served as Master of Davenport College. He was the author and co-author of a number of b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enzeli
Bandar-e Anzali ( fa, بندرانزلی, also Romanized as Bandar-e Anzalī; renamed as Bandar-e Pahlavi during the Pahlavi dynasty) is a city of Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2011 census, its population was 144,664. Anzali is one of the most important cities in Iran in terms of tourism, economics, and athletics. Bandar-e Anzali is the biggest Gilaki speaking city in the world after Rasht, the capital of Gilan province. The city was home to the first and biggest port on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. Bandar-e Anzali consists of an island called ''Mianposhteh'' and the surrounding lands. Tourist attractions include a clock tower called ''Manareh'', the long harbour promenade, and the water-logged delta and beach along the Sefid Rud. History Anzali is an old city in ancient Iran, first settled by the Cadusii. Owing to their pleasant relationship with Cyrus the Great, King of Anshan_(Persia), and their military cooperation in Cyrus's founding of the Achaemenid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Baku
The Battle of Baku ( az, Bakı döyüşü, tr, Bakü Muharebesi, russian: Битва за Баку) was a battle in World War I that took place between August–September 1918 between the Ottoman– Azerbaijani coalition forces led by Nuri Pasha and Bolshevik–ARF Baku Soviet forces, later succeeded by the British–Armenian– White Russian forces led by Lionel Dunsterville and saw Soviet Russia briefly re-enter the war. The battle was fought as a conclusive part of the Caucasus Campaign, but as a beginning of the Armenian–Azerbaijani War. Background In 1917, the Russian Caucasus Front collapsed following the abdication of the Tsar. On 9 March 1917, the Special Transcaucasian Committee was established to fill the administrative gap in areas occupied in the course of the war on the Caucasian front by the Russian Provisional Government in the Transcaucasia. This administration, which included representatives of Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian groups, did not last l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centro-Caspian Dictatorship
The Centro-Caspian Dictatorship, also known as the Central-Caspian Dictatorship (russian: Диктатура Центрокаспия, ''Diktatura Tsentrokaspiya'') ( Azerbaijani: Sentrokaspi Diktaturası), was a short-lived anti-Soviet administration proclaimed in the city of Baku during World War I. Created from an alliance of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and Mensheviks, it replaced the Baku Commune in a bloodless coup d'état on July 26, 1918, and fell on September 15, 1918, when Ottoman-Azeri forces captured Baku. The Central-Caspian Dictatorship asked for British help in order to stop the advancing Ottoman Islamic Army of the Caucasus that was marching towards Baku. A small British force under General Lionel Dunsterville was sent to Baku and helped the mainly Dashnak-Armenian forces to defend the capital during the Battle of Baku. However, the Azerbaijani-Ottoman army took Baku over on September 15, 1918, which entered the capital, subsequently causing British for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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