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Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study
The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (also known as the 4S study), was a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, which provided the initial data that supported the use of the cholesterol-lowering drug, simvastatin, in people with a moderately raised cholesterol and coronary heart disease (CHD); that is people who had previously had a heart attack or angina. The study was sponsored by the pharmaceutical company Merck and enrolled 4,444 people from 94 centres in Scandinavia. Before the 4S study, it was not proven that lowering cholesterol could prolong life in people who had CHD. The study concluded that secondary prevention with simvastatin in a high risk group with CHD reduced overall mortality by 30%. Published in ''The Lancet'' in 1994, it is considered a "landmark paper". Objective The 4S multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial enrolled 4,444 people chosen from 7,027 people who had been followed up for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clinical Trial
Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on dosage, safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial—their approval does not mean the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted. Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. Clinical trials can vary i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Placebo
A placebo ( ) is a substance or treatment which is designed to have no therapeutic value. Common placebos include inert tablets (like sugar pills), inert injections (like Saline (medicine), saline), sham surgery, and other procedures. In general, placebos can affect how patients perceive their condition and encourage the body's chemical processes for relieving pain and a few other symptoms, but have no impact on the disease itself. Improvements that patients experience after being treated with a placebo can also be due to unrelated factors, such as regression to the mean (a statistical effect where an unusually high or low measurement is likely to be followed by a less extreme one). The use of placebos in clinical medicine raises ethical concerns, especially if they are disguised as an active treatment, as this introduces dishonesty into the doctor–patient relationship and bypasses informed consent. While it was once assumed that this deception was necessary for placebos to have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pravastatin Or Atorvastatin Evaluation And Infection Therapy - Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 22
The Pravastatin or atorvastatin evaluation and infection therapy - thrombolysis in myocardial infarction 22, also known as PROVE-IT TIMI 22, was a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial that recruited 4,162 people admitted within 10 days of an acute coronary event and randomised them to the lipid-lowering drugs pravastatin (40 mg) or atorvastatin (80 mg) and a 10-day course of the antibiotic gatifloxacin or placebo. The participants enrolled at 349 sites across Australia, Europe, and North America between November 2000 and December 2001, and the study concluded that statin treatment for secondary prevention reduced coronary heart disease (CHD) events and that atorvastatin had a more marked effect than pravastatin. The study was published in ''The New England Journal of Medicine'' and reported at the American College of Cardiology The American College of Cardiology (ACC), based in Washington, D.C., is a nonprofit medical association established in 1949. It bestows cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
West Of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study
The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study, also known as WOSCOPS, was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, published in 1995. It compared 40mg of the lipid-lowering drug pravastatin to placebo in 6, 595 men who had a mean cholesterol of 7 mmol/L but no previous history of a heart attack. The study concluded that statin treatment for primary prevention reduced coronary heart disease (CHD) events by 31% after nearly five years of treatment. See also * Heart Protection Study * Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (also known as the 4S study), was a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, which provided the initial data that supported the use of the cholesterol-lowering drug, sim ... References Epidemiological study projects Clinical trials related to cardiology Statins Cardiology {{Treatment-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study
The HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study, also known as HATS, was a three-year double-blind trial involving 160 people with coronary heart disease (CHD) who had a low HDL and near normal LDL. The study compared a combination of simvastatin and niacin with antioxidant vitamin therapy. Using angiography, coronary artery stenosis progressed when using placebo or antioxidant alone, and regressed with the combination of simvastatin and niacin. The study demonstrated a 90% reduction in CHD death, nonfatal heart attacks, stroke, or revascularization for worsening angina. It was published in 2001. See also * Heart Protection Study * Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (also known as the 4S study), was a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, which provided the initial data that supported the use of the cholesterol-lowering drug, sim ... References Epidemiological study projects Clinical trials related ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heart Protection Study
The Heart Protection Study was a randomized controlled trial run by the Clinical Trial Service Unit, and funded by the Medical Research Council (UK), Medical Research Council (MRC) and the British Heart Foundation (BHF) in the United Kingdom. It studied the use of the statin, cholesterol lowering drug, simvastatin 40 mg and vitamin supplementation (vitamin E, vitamin C and carotene, beta carotene) in people who were at risk of cardiovascular disease. It was led by Jane Armitage, an epidemiologist at the Clinical Trial Service Unit. Results An outline of the study protocol was published in 1999. Initial results were published in 2002, which indicated that vitamins made little difference in modifying cardiovascular risk, but that simvastatin could significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Further publications, from 2003 and 2004, were concerned with the efficacy of simvastatin in diabetes patients and preventing stroke. A 2005 paper analyses the cost-effectiveness o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Heart Journal
The ''European Heart Journal'' is a peer-reviewed medical journal of cardiology published by Oxford University Press on a weekly basis, on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. The first issue was published in February 1980. Overview The medical journal publishes both clinical and scientific papers on all aspects of cardiovascular medicine. It includes articles related to research findings, technical evaluations, and reviews. In addition, the journal features reviews, clinical perspectives, podcasts, and editorial articles about recent developments in cardiology, and encourages correspondence from its readers. Another important aspect of the journal are the ESC Clinical Practice Guidelines, which cover all areas of cardiology. In 2020, the journal had an impact factor of 29.983, ranking it as one of the highest journals in the field of cardiology. Thomas F. Lüscher (Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospital Trust and Universität Zürich) was succeeded by Filippo Crea as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elsevier Health Sciences
Elsevier () is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as ''The Lancet'', ''Cell'', the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, '' Trends'', the '' Current Opinion'' series, the online citation database Scopus, the SciVal tool for measuring research performance, the ClinicalKey search engine for clinicians, and the ClinicalPath evidence-based cancer care service. Elsevier's products and services also include digital tools for data management, instruction, research analytics and assessment. Elsevier is part of the RELX Group (known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier), a publicly traded company. According to RELX reports, in 2021 Elsevier published more than 600,000 articles annually in over 2,700 journals; as of 2018 its archives contained over 17 million documents and 40,000 e-books, with over one billion annual downloads. Researchers have criticized Elsevier for its high profit marg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity or excessive drinking of alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation, and environmental pollutants. In the developing world, 15% of cancers are due to infections such as ''Helicobacter pylori'', hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus infection, Epstein–Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Number Needed To Treat
The number needed to treat (NNT) or number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) is an epidemiological measure used in communicating the effectiveness of a health-care intervention, typically a treatment with medication. The NNT is the average number of patients who need to be treated to prevent one additional bad outcome (e.g. the number of patients that need to be treated for one of them to benefit compared with a control in a clinical trial). It is defined as the inverse of the absolute risk reduction, and computed as 1/(I_u - I_e), where I_e is the incidence in the treated (exposed) group, and I_u is the incidence in the control (unexposed) group. This calculation implicitly assumes monotonicity, that is, no individual can be harmed by treatment. The modern approach, based on counterfactual conditionals, relaxes this assumption and yields bounds on NNT. A type of effect size, the NNT was described in 1988 by McMaster University's Laupacis, Sackett and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transient Ischaemic Attack
A transient ischemic attack (TIA), commonly known as a mini-stroke, is a minor stroke whose noticeable symptoms usually end in less than an hour. TIA causes the same symptoms associated with strokes, such as weakness or numbness on one side of the body, sudden dimming or loss of vision, difficulty speaking or understanding language, slurred speech, or confusion. All forms of stroke, including TIA, result from a disruption in blood flow to the central nervous system. A TIA is caused by a temporary disruption in blood flow to the brain, or cerebral blood flow (CBF). The primary difference between a major stroke and the TIA's minor stroke is how much tissue death (infarction) can be detected afterwards through medical imaging. While a TIA must by definition be associated with symptoms, strokes can also be symptomatic or silent. In silent stroke, also known as ''silent cerebral infarct'' (SCI), there is permanent infarction detectable on imaging, but there are no immediately obse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both cause parts of the brain to stop functioning properly. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, dizziness, or loss of vision to one side. Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. If symptoms last less than one or two hours, the stroke is a transient ischemic attack (TIA), also called a mini-stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent. Long-term complications may include pneumonia and loss of bladder control. The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure. Other risk factors include high blood cholesterol, tobacco smoking, obesity, diabetes mellitus, a previous TIA, end-st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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