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Santorio Sanctorius
Santorio Santori (29 March, 1561 – 25 February, 1636) also called Santorio Santorio, Santorio de' Sanctoriis, or Sanctorius of Padua and various combinations of these names, was an Italians, Italian physiologist, physician, and professor, who introduced the level of measurement, quantitative approach into the life sciences and is considered the father of modern quantitative experimentation in medicine. He is also known as the inventor of several medical devices. His work ''De Statica Medicina'', written in 1614, saw many publications and influenced generations of physicians. Life Santorio was born on 29 March, 1561, in Koper, Capodistria, in the Venetian part of Istria (today in Slovenia). Santorio's mother, Elisabetta Cordonia, was a noblewoman from an Istrian family. Santorio's father, Antonio, was a nobleman from Friuli working for the Venetian Republic as chief of ordinance of the city. He was educated in his home town and continued his studies in Venice before he entered ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koper
Koper (; it, Capodistria, hr, Kopar) is the fifth largest city in Slovenia. Located in the Istrian region in the southwestern part of the country, approximately five kilometres () south of the border with Italy and 20 kilometres () from Trieste, Koper is the largest coastal city in the country. It is bordered by the satellite towns of Izola and Ankaran. With a unique ecology and biodiversity, it is considered an important natural resource. The city's Port of Koper is Slovenia's only container port and a major contributor to the economy of the Municipality of Koper. The influence of the Port of Koper on tourism was one of the factors in Ankaran deciding to leave the municipality in a referendum in 2011 to establish its own municipality. The city is a destination for a number of Mediterranean cruising lines. Koper is the main urban centre of the Slovenian Istria, with a population of about 25,000. Aleš Bržan is the current mayor, serving since 2018. The city of Koper is offic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Breath
Breathing (or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and from the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen. All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which extracts energy from the reaction of oxygen with molecules derived from food and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. Breathing, or "external respiration", brings air into the lungs where gas exchange takes place in the alveoli through diffusion. The body's circulatory system transports these gases to and from the cells, where "cellular respiration" takes place. The breathing of all vertebrates with lungs consists of repetitive cycles of inhalation and exhalation through a highly branched system of tubes or airways which lead from the nose to the alveoli. The number of respiratory cycles per minute is the breathing or respiratory rate, and is one of the four primary vital signs of life. Under normal conditions t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder. Urination results in urine being excretion, excreted from the body through the urethra. Cell (biology), Cellular metabolism generates many by-products that are rich in nitrogen and must be clearance (medicine), cleared from the Circulatory system, bloodstream, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine. These by-products are expelled from the body during urination, which is the primary method for excreting water-soluble chemicals from the body. A urinalysis can detect nitrogenous wastes of the mammalian body. Urine plays an important role in the earth's nitrogen cycle. In balanced ecosystems, urine fertilizes the soil and thus helps plants to grow. Therefore, Reuse of excreta, urine can be used as a fertilizer. Some animals use it to territory (animal)#Scent marking, mark their territories. Historically, aged or fermented urine (kn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insensible Perspiration
Insensible perspiration is the loss of water through the skin which does not occur as perceivable sweat. Insensible perspiration takes place at an almost constant rate and reflects evaporative loss from the epithelial cells of the skin. Unlike in sweating, the fluid lost is pure water, i.e. no solutes are lost. For this reason, it can also be referred to as "insensible water loss". The amount of water lost in this way is deemed to be approximately 400ml per day. Some sources broaden the definition of insensible perspiration to include not only the water lost through the skin, but also the water lost through the epithelium of the respiratory tract, which is also approximately 400ml per day. Insensible perspiration is the main source of heat loss from the body, with the figure being placed around 480 kCal per day, which is approximately 25% of basal heat production. Insensible perspiration is not under regulatory control. History Known in Latin as ''perspiratio insensibilis'', the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Boissier De Sauvages De Lacroix
François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix (May 12, 1706 – February 19, 1767) was a French physician and botanist who was a native of Alès. He was the brother of naturalist Pierre Augustin Boissier de Sauvages (1710—1795). He received his education at the University of Montpellier, where he studied botany with Pierre Baux (1708-1790). After spending a few years in Paris, he returned to Montpellier in 1734, where he served as a professor of physiology and pathology. Following the death of François Ayme Chicoyneau (1702-1740), he was named to the chair of botany. At Montpellier, he made important improvements to its botanical garden, which included construction of its first greenhouse. He was a friend to Swedish naturalist Carl von Linné (1707—1778), to whom Sauvages de Lacroix sent botanical specimens from the Montpellier region for study. Linné designated the botanical genus ''Sauvagesia'' in honor of his French colleague. In 1748 he was elected a member of the Royal Swe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giovanni Francesco Sagredo
Giovanni Francesco Sagredo (1571– 5 March 1620) was a Venetian mathematician and close friend of Galileo. He was also a friend and correspondent of English scientist William Gilbert.S. P. Thompson (1903) ''The Geographical Journal'' vol 21 no 6, pp 611-618 "William Gilbert and Terrestrial Magnetism" He is remembered today mainly because he appears as one of the figures in Galileo's controversial work the ''Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems'' (1632).Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Galileo Galilei, translated by Stillman Drake Family background Sagredo was the fourth of six brothers born to Nicolò Sagredo, son of Bernardo of the S. Sofia branch of the family, and his wife Cecilia, daughter of Paolo Tiepolo. The Sagredo f ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paolo Sarpi
Paolo Sarpi (14 August 1552 – 15 January 1623) was a Venetian historian, prelate, scientist, canon lawyer, and statesman active on behalf of the Venetian Republic during the period of its successful defiance of the papal interdict (1605–1607) and its war (1615–1617) with Austria over the Uskok pirates. His writings, frankly polemical and highly critical of the Catholic Church and its Scholastic tradition, "inspired both Hobbes and Edward Gibbon in their own historical debunkings of priestcraft." Sarpi's major work, the ''History of the Council of Trent'' (1619), was published in London in 1619; other works: a ''History of Ecclesiastical Benefices'', ''History of the Interdict'' and his ''Supplement to the History of the Uskoks'', appeared posthumously. Organized around single topics, they are early examples of the genre of the historical monograph. As a defender of the liberties of Republican Venice and proponent of the separation of Church and state, Sarpi attained fam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thermoscope
A thermoscope is a device that shows changes in temperature. A typical design is a tube in which a liquid rises and falls as the temperature changes. The modern thermometer gradually evolved from it with the addition of a scale in the early 17th century and standardisation throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Function Devices employing both heat and pressure were common during Galileo's time, used for fountains, nursing, or bleeding in medicine. The device was built from a small vase filled with water, attached to a thin vertically rising pipe, with a large empty glass ball at the top. Changes in temperature of the upper ball would exert positive or negative pressure on the water below, causing it to rise or lower in the thin column. The device established fixed points but does not measure specific quantity, although it can tell when something is warmer than another thing. Essentially, thermoscopes served as a justification of sorts regarding what is observed or experienced ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pulse
In medicine, a pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the cardiac cycle (heartbeat) by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed near the surface of the body, such as at the neck ( carotid artery), wrist (radial artery), at the groin (femoral artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), near the ankle joint (posterior tibial artery), and on foot (dorsalis pedis artery). Pulse (or the count of arterial pulse per minute) is equivalent to measuring the heart rate. The heart rate can also be measured by listening to the heart beat by auscultation, traditionally using a stethoscope and counting it for a minute. The radial pulse is commonly measured using three fingers. This has a reason: the finger closest to the heart is used to occlude the pulse pressure, the middle finger is used get a crude estimate of the blood pressure, and the finger most distal to the heart (usually the ring finger) is used to nullify the eff ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Current Meter
A current meter is an oceanographic device for flow measurement by mechanical, tilt, acoustical or electrical means. Different reference frames In physics, one distinguishes different reference frames depending on where the observer is located, this is the basics for the Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field in fluid dynamics: The observer can be either in the Moving frame (as for a Lagrangian drifter) or in a resting frame. * Lagrangian current meters measure the displacement of an oceanographic drifter, an unmoored buoy or a non-anchored ship's actual position to the position predicted by dead reckoning. * Eulerian current meters measure current passing a resting current meter. Types Mechanical Mechanical current meters are mostly based on counting the rotations of a propeller and are thus rotor current meters. A mid-20th-century realization is the Ekman current meter which drops balls into a container to count the number of rotations. The Roberts r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wind Gauge
Wind is the natural movement of air or other gases relative to a planet's surface. Winds occur on a range of scales, from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours, to global winds resulting from the difference in absorption of solar energy between the climate zones on Earth. The two main causes of large-scale atmospheric circulation are the differential heating between the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the planet (Coriolis effect). Within the tropics and subtropics, thermal low circulations over terrain and high plateaus can drive monsoon circulations. In coastal areas the sea breeze/land breeze cycle can define local winds; in areas that have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes can prevail. Winds are commonly classified by their spatial scale, their speed and direction, the forces that cause them, the regions in which they occur, and their effect. Winds have various aspe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iatrophysics
Iatrophysics or iatromechanics (fr. Greek) is the medical application of physics. It provides an explanation for medical practices with mechanical principles. It was a school of medicine in the seventeenth century which attempted to explain physiological phenomena in mechanical terms. Believers of iatromechanics thought that physiological phenomena of the human body followed the laws of physics. It was related to iatrochemistry in studying the human body in a systematic manner based on observations from the natural world though it had more emphasis on mathematical models rather than chemical processes. Background The Age of Enlightenment was an era of radically changing ways of thought in Western politics, philosophy, and science. Major sociological changes occurred in the Enlightenment, as well as industrial and scientific. In medicine, the Enlightenment brought several discoveries and studies that were impacted by changing ways of thought. For example, capillaries were discov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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