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Sani Ol Molk
Abu'l-Hasan Khan Ghaffari Kashani (1814–1866) ( fa, ابوالحسن غفاری) was an Iranian painter, miniature and lacquer artist, and book illustrator. When he became the Chief Court Painter, he also became known as Sani al Mulk ( fa, صنیعالملک), meaning "The Crafter of the Kingdom." He was a student of Mihr Ali and a court painter in Muhammad Shah's court. After being dismissed as a court painter, he went to Europe to study, most notably in Italy. When he returned to Iran, he became the Director of Printing and Chief Illustrator for Nasir al-Din Shah and earned the separate title Chief Court Painter. He supervised the illustration of a famous ''One Thousand and One Nights'' manuscript, which can be viewed today in Tehran in the Golestan Palace Library.B. W. Robinson,Abu'l-Hasan Khan Gaffari, ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', I/3, pp. 306–308 Family He was born in Kashan, Iran. He was the uncle of Mohammad Ghaffari (Kamal ol Molk), who became an acclaimed court ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi ( , ;In his native Ligurian language, he is known as ''Gioxeppe Gaibado''. In his particular Niçard dialect of Ligurian, he was known as ''Jousé'' or ''Josep''. 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered one of the greatest generals of modern times and one of Italy's " fathers of the fatherland", along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini. Garibaldi is also known as the "''Hero of the Two Worlds''" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe. Garibaldi was a follower of the Italian nationalist Mazzini and embraced the republican nationalism of the Young Italy movement. He became a supporter of Italian unification under a democratic republican government. However, breaking with Mazzini, he pragmatically allied himself with the monarchist Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
19th-century Iranian Painters
The 19th (nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 ( MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 ( MCM). The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium. The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolished in much of Europe and the Americas. The First Industrial Revolution, though it began in the late 18th century, expanding beyond its British homeland for the first time during this century, particularly remaking the economies and societies of the Low Countries, the Rhineland, Northern Italy, and the Northeastern United States. A few decades later, the Second Industrial Revolution led to ever more massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit, and prosperity, a pattern that continued into the 20th century. The Islamic gunpowder empires fell into decline and European imperialism brought much of South Asia, Southeast Asia, and almost all of Africa under colonial rule. It was also marked by the collapse of the large S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haji Mirza Aghasi
Haji Mirza Abbas Iravani ( fa, حاجی میرزا عباس ایروانی), better known by his title of Aqasi (; also spelled Aghasi), was an Iranian politician, who served as the grand vizier of the Qajar king (shah) Mohammad Shah Qajar () from 1835 to 1848. Early life Abbas was born in in Iravan (Yerevan), a city located in the Iravan Khanate, a khanate (i.e. province) located in the northwestern part of Qajar Iran. He was a son of Moslem ibn Abbas, a wealthy landowner, and a member of the Bayat clan. During his youth, Abbas spent his time with his father in the holy Shi'ite sites in Ottoman Iraq, where he was tutored by the Ne'matallahi Sufi teacher Molla 'Abd-al-Samad. There he stayed until 1802, when Molla 'Abd-al-Samad was killed during the Wahhabi sack of Karbala. For a period, Abbas embraced the life of a homeless dervish and made pilgrimage to Mecca, until he finally returned to his hometown, where reportedly served as a clerk to the Armenian patriarch of Iravan. Af ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malik National Museum Of Iran
Malek National Museum and Library ( fa, کتابخانه و موزه ملی ملک) is a museum and national library in Tehran, Iran. Malek National Library and Museum Institution (MNLMI) is the first private museum of Iran, and one of the 6 large libraries holding the exquisite manuscripts. The MNLMI collection is a rich trove of the best manuscripts and Iranian historical artworks. The Institution is located in the historical precinct of “Bagh-e Melli”, that is considered the cultural-historical center of Tehran. Usually, the MNLM visitors are numerous university students and researchers, as well as tourists who enjoy its library and museum facilities. It is one of the biggest libraries of precious manuscripts in Iran, built by Hadji Hussein Agha Malek, the richest man in Iran at the time. He built it in a traditional Persian architecture style. One of the biggest contributors is Esat Malek Malek, Hadji Hussein Agha Malek's eldest daughter, who contributed to the museum's dev ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mirza Yusuf Ashtiani
Mirza Yusuf Ashtiani (1812 – 7 April 1886) also known as Mostowfi ol-Mamalek was the Grand Vizier of Iran during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah and one of the most influential members of Qajar bureaucratic system at that time. He was from the conservative faction of the Qajar court and an opponent of Mirza Hosein Khan Moshir od-Dowleh and his reforms. Mirza Yusuf Ashtiani, as one of the most influential members of Nasser al-Din Shah's court, played a role in many important events of his time, including the removal of Mirza Mohammad Khan Sepahsalar, the poisoning of Hossein Gholi Khan Ilkhani, the establishment of the Qajar bureaucracy and the expansion of Tehran. Early life Mirza Yusuf was born in Ashtian. He was from the Mostowfian Ashtiani family, who were inheritable the Mostowfi (treasurer) of Ashtian and sometimes the court. After the death of his father, he became known as Mostowfi ol-Mamalek and took over the presidency of Mostowfis. Political career He was c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ardashir Mirza
Ardashir Mirza Rukn al-Dawla (1807-1866) was a prince of Persia's Qajar dynasty, and the governor of the Arabistan, Bakhtiaristan and Luristan provinces of Persia. See also * List of deaths through alcohol This is a list of the most notable people in :Alcohol-related deaths, Alcohol-related deaths who died of Long-term effects of alcohol , short- and/or long-term effects of alcohol consumption. Deaths caused indirectly by alcohol (drug) ... References {{Qajar princes Qajar princes 1807 births 1866 deaths Alcohol-related deaths in Iran People from Tabriz Qajar governors of Gilan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mohammad Shah Qajar
Mohammad Shah (; born Mohammad Mirza; 5 January 1808 – 5 September 1848) was the third Qajar dynasty, Qajar ''shah'' of Qajar Iran, Iran from 1834 to 1848, having succeeded his grandfather Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, Fath-Ali Shah. From a young age, Mohammad Mirza was under the tutelage of Haji Mirza Aqasi, a local dervish from Tabriz whose teachings influenced the young prince to become a Sufism, Sufi-king later in his life. After his father Abbas Mirza died in 1833, Mohammad Mirza became the Crown Prince of Iran and was conferred the title of Governor of Azerbaijan (Iran), Azarbaijan. Not long after, Fath-Ali Shah died on his way to Shiraz, leading some of his sons—including Ali Shah Mirza and Hossein Ali Mirza—to revolt but Mohammad Shah, with the support of his grand vizier, Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam, suppressed the rebellions and asserted his authority. Mohammad Shah ordered the removal, imprisonment and eventual execution of Qa'em-Maqam, which led to appointment of Aqasi as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miniature (illuminated Manuscript)
A miniature (from the Latin verb ''miniare'', "to colour with ''minium''", a red lead) is a small illustration used to decorate an ancient or medieval illuminated manuscript; the simple illustrations of the early codices having been miniated or delineated with that pigment. The generally small scale of such medieval pictures has led to etymological confusion with minuteness and to its application to small paintings, especially portrait miniatures, which did however grow from the same tradition and at least initially used similar techniques. Apart from the Western, Byzantine and Armenian traditions, there is another group of Asian traditions, which is generally more illustrative in nature, and from origins in manuscript book decoration also developed into single-sheet small paintings to be kept in albums, which are also called miniatures, as the Western equivalents in watercolor and other mediums are not. These include Arabic miniatures, and their Persian, Mughal, Ottoman and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semiotics
Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the systematic study of sign processes ( semiosis) and meaning making. Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, where a sign is defined as anything that communicates something, usually called a meaning, to the sign's interpreter. The meaning can be intentional such as a word uttered with a specific meaning, or unintentional, such as a symptom being a sign of a particular medical condition. Signs can also communicate feelings (which are usually not considered meanings) and may communicate internally (through thought itself) or through any of the senses: visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, or gustatory (taste). Contemporary semiotics is a branch of science that studies meaning-making and various types of knowledge. The semiotic tradition explores the study of signs and symbols as a significant part of communications. Unlike linguistics, semiotics also studies non-linguistic sign systems. Semiotics includes th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lithographic
Lithography () is a planographic method of printing originally based on the immiscibility of oil and water. The printing is from a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a smooth surface. It was invented in 1796 by the German author and actor Alois Senefelder and was initially used mostly for musical scores and maps.Meggs, Philip B. A History of Graphic Design. (1998) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 146 Carter, Rob, Ben Day, Philip Meggs. Typographic Design: Form and Communication, Third Edition. (2002) John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p 11 Lithography can be used to print text or images onto paper or other suitable material. A lithograph is something printed by lithography, but this term is only used for fine art prints and some other, mostly older, types of printed matter, not for those made by modern commercial lithography. Originally, the image to be printed was drawn with a greasy substance, such as oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth and flat limestone plat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muhammad Shah
Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah (born Roshan Akhtar; 7 August 1702 – 26 April 1748) was the 13th Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1719 to 1748. He was son of Khujista Akhtar, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. After being chosen by the Sayyid Brothers of Barha, he ascended the throne at the young age of 16, under their strict supervision. He later got rid of them with the help of Asaf Jah I – Syed Hussain Ali Khan was murdered at Fatehpur Sikri in 1720 and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha was fatally poisoned in 1722. Muhammad Shah was a great patron of the arts, including musical, cultural and administrative developments. His pen-name was Sadā Rangīla ''(Ever Joyous)'' and he is often referred to as "Muhammad Shah Rangila", also sometimes as "Bahadur Shah Rangila" after his grand father Bahadur Shah I. Although he was a patron of the arts, Muhammad Shah's reign was marked by rapid and irreversible decline of the Mughal Empire. The Mughal Empire was already decaying, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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