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Sammarinese Fascist Party
The Sammarinese Fascist Party ( it, Partito Fascista Sammarinese) or PFS was a fascist political party that ruled San Marino from 1923 to 1943. History The party was founded on 10 August 1922 and led by Giuliano Gozi, a Sammarinese World War I veteran who volunteered in the Royal Italian Army. The Sammarinese party was modelled directly on the National Fascist Party of the surrounding Kingdom of Italy. Gozi came from a distinguished family and held the posts of Secretary for Foreign Affairs (in San Marino, the foreign secretary leads the cabinet) and Secretary for the Interior; these two offices gave him control of the military and police. From the beginning, the party used violence and intimidation against opponents such as the Socialists. Its party newspaper was the ''Il Popolo Sammarinese'', modelled after the ''Il Popolo d'Italia''. In terms of policy and ideology, the party was not innovative and stuck closely to Italian Fascism. They pursued industrialization which turne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giuliano Gozi
Giuliano Gozi (7 August 1894 – 18 January 1955) was Secretary for Foreign Affairs and de facto Fascist leader of San Marino from 1918 until 1943. He also held the role of Captain-Regent of San Marino 5 times between 1923 and 1942. Early life Gozi obtained a bachelor's degree in law at the University of Bologna 1914–1915. When Italy entered World War I in 1915, he joined the Royal Italian Army. In November 1915 he was deployed as a member of the Alpini to the front in the Valle del Boite and on the Tofane, where he obtained the Bronze Medal of Military Valor. In 1916 he was promoted to lieutenant. He was involved in suppression of anti-war riots in Turin in the summer of 1917. Following the Italian loss at the Battle of Caporetto in November 1917, he returned to the front with the 6th Monte Pasubio Battalion of the Alpini and participated in the Battle of Monte Grappa against the Central Powers. By the end of the war Gozi had received the Gold Medal of Military Valor, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One-party State
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system, or single-party system is a type of sovereign state in which only one political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution. All other parties are either outlawed or allowed to take only a limited and controlled participation in elections. Sometimes the term "''de facto'' one-party state" is used to describe a dominant-party system that, unlike the one-party state, allows (at least nominally) democratic multiparty elections, but the existing practices or balance of political power effectively prevent the opposition from winning power. Although it is predated by the 1714 to 1783 "age of the Whig oligarchy" in Great Britain, the rule of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) over the Ottoman Empire following the 1913 coup d'etat is often considered the first one-party state. Concept One-party states justify themselves through various methods. Most often, proponents of a one- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Parties Established In 1922
Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies politics and government is referred to as political science. It may be used positively in the context of a "political solution" which is compromising and nonviolent, or descriptively as "the art or science of government", but also often carries a negative connotation.. The concept has been defined in various ways, and different approaches have fundamentally differing views on whether it should be used extensively or limitedly, empirically or normatively, and on whether conflict or co-operation is more essential to it. A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include promoting one's own political views among people, negotiation with other political subjects, making laws, and exercising internal and external force, including w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1938 Sammarinese General Election
{{Europe-election-stub ...
General elections were held in San Marino on 29 May 1938.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1678 After it had taken over the country in April 1923, the Sammarinese Fascist Party was the only party to contest the elections, winning all 60 seats.Nohlen & Stöver, p1690 Electoral system Voters had to be citizens of San Marino, male, 24 years old and meet at least one of the following requirements: *the head of the family, *a graduate, *belong to the militia, *have an annual income above 55 lire. Results References San Marino General elections in San Marino General One-party elections San Marino San Marino (, ), officially the Republic of San Marino ( it, Repubblica di San Marino; ), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( it, Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino, links=no), is the fifth-smallest country in the world an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1932 Sammarinese General Election ...
General elections were held in San Marino on 28 August 1932.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1678 After it had risen to power over the country in April 1923, the Sammarinese Fascist Party was the only party to contest the elections, winning all 60 seats.Nohlen & Stöver, p1690 Electoral system Voters had to be citizens of San Marino, male, 24 years old and meet at least one of the following requirements: *the head of the family, *a graduate, *belong to the militia, *have an annual income above 55 lire. Results References {{Sammarinese elections San Marino General elections in San Marino General One-party elections San Marino San Marino (, ), officially the Republic of San Marino ( it, Repubblica di San Marino; ), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( it, Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino, links=no), is the fifth-smallest country in the world an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1926 Sammarinese General Election
General elections were held in San Marino on 12 December 1926 to elect the eighth term of the Grand and General Council.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1678 It was a sham election, all opposition being prevented to participate by internal and Italian threats. After it had taken over the country in April 1923, the Sammarinese Fascist Party was the only party to contest the elections, winning all 60 seats, while the official report spoke of a sole dissident ballot. A new electoral law guaranteed safe undisputed seats to the two incumbent Captains Regents. Background After the Patriotic Bloc victory in 1923, San Marino had effectively become a puppet of Fascist Italy. Benito Mussolini did not waste time to show his industriousness with propaganda goals, beginning the construction of a Rimini-San Marino railway which would become the visible symbol of his leadership over the small country. Electoral system The new electoral law of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patriotic Bloc (San Marino)
{{Infobox political party , name = Patriotic Bloc , native_name = Blocco Patriottico , colorcode = #000000 , leader = Giuliano Gozi , foundation = 1923 , ideology = Italian fascismAuthoritarianismFactions:Christian democracyPopolarismoSocial conservatismConservative liberalism , headquarters = City of San Marino , country = San Marino , abbreviation = BP , dissolved = 1944? , position = Far-rightFactions:Centre to centre-right The Patriotic Bloc was a far-right coalition of parties which ran undisputed in the Sammarinese election of 1923. The Bloc was dominated by the Sammarinese Fascist Party, and was also composed of the Sammarinese People's Party, the Sammarinese Democratic Union, and the Fascist-puppet ''Volunteers of War''. Threats by Italian fascists prevented any opposition presence, so the Bloc won all the seats to the Grand and General Council. By this means the Fascists took ov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1923 Sammarinese General Election
General elections were held in San Marino on 4 March 1923 to elect the seventh term of the Grand and General Council. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1678 It was a snap election that marked the beginning of fascist rule in the republic. Left-wing parties were prevented from participating, while all centre-right forces ran as a single "Patriotic Bloc". Of the 60 seats, 29 were taken by the Sammarinese Fascist Party, 20 by the Sammarinese People's Party, 9 by the Sammarinese Democratic Union and two by the Fascist-puppets '' Volunteers of War''. Later the country was taken over by the Fascist Party. Background San Marino had been close to a civil war in 1921, with Socialist red forces by a hand, and Christian Democratic white forces on the opposite side together with the Conservatives. The situation was so explosive that the government introduced a six-month censorship, and called a carabinieri garrison to restore order, while Fas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries. The major participants in the war threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and deploying the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Purge
In history, religion and political science, a purge is a position removal or execution of people who are considered undesirable by those in power from a government, another organization, their team leaders, or society as a whole. A group undertaking such an effort is labeled as purging itself. Purges can be either nonviolent or violent, with the former often resolved by the simple removal of those who have been purged from office, and the latter often resolved by the imprisonment, exile, or murder of those who have been purged. Characteristics The Shanghai massacre of 1927 and the Night of the Long Knives of 1934, in which the leader of a political party turns against a particular section or group within the party and kills its members, are commonly called "purges" while mass expulsions on grounds of racism and xenophobia, such as the deportation of the Crimean Tatars are not. Though sudden and violent purges are notable, most purges do not involve immediate execution or imprison ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
