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Stephania Tetrandra
''Stephania tetrandra'' is a herbaceous perennial vine of the family Menispermaceae native to China and Taiwan. It grows from a short, woody caudex, climbing to a height of around three meters. The leaves are arranged spirally on the stem, and are peltate, i.e. with the leaf petiole attached near the centre of the leaf. Its root is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Distribution and habitat ''Stephania tetrandra'' occurs in shrublands at village margins, open fields, and roadsides in South Central and East China in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces, and in Taiwan. Etymology in Chinese medicine ''Stephania tetrandra'' is among the 50 fundamental herbs used in TCM. The standard pinyin according to the ''Chinese erbalPharmacopia of the People's Republic of China'' () is: fen fang ji (), but it is more commonly known as ''Han Fang ji'' (). Traditional medicine Fen fang ji is used in traditional Chinese medicine to dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spencer Le Marchant Moore
Spencer Le Marchant Moore (1 November 1850 – 14 March 1931) was an English botanist. Biography Moore was born in Hampstead. He worked at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from about 1870 to 1879, wrote a number of botanical papers, and then worked in an unofficial capacity at the Natural History Museum from 1896 until his death. He was involved in an expedition to remote parts of Western Australia from December 1894 to October 1895, travelling from Goldfields–Esperance to places like Siberia Soak—near Waverley—and Goongarrie. Moore is commemorated in the plant genus ''Spenceria ''Spenceria ramalana'' is the lone species in the plant genus ''Spenceria'', known by two varieties. ''S. ramalana'' grows from 18–32 cm. tall, and puts out yellow flowers from July through August; bearing fruit (yellowish-brown ach ...''. References External links * 1850 births 1931 deaths Botanists active in Kew Gardens English botanists English explorers Peop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decoction
Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material (which may include stems, roots, bark and rhizomes) to dissolve the chemicals of the material. It is the most common preparation method in various herbal-medicine systems. Decoction involves first drying the plant material; then mashing, slicing, or cutting the material to allow for maximum dissolution; and finally boiling in water to extract oils, volatile organic compounds and other various chemical substances. Occasionally, aqueous ethanol or glycerol may be used instead of water. Decoction can be used to make tisanes, tinctures and similar solutions. Decoctions and infusions may produce liquids with differing chemical properties, as the temperature or preparation difference may result in more oil-soluble chemicals in decoctions versus infusions. The process can also be applied to meats and vegetables to prepare bouillon or stock, though the term is typically only used to describe boiled plant extracts, usua ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Food And Drug Administration (United States)
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, caffeine products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal foods & feed and veterinary products. The FDA's primary focus is enforcement of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C), but the agency also enforces other laws, notably Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act, as well as associated regulations. Much of this regulatory-enforcement work is not directly related to food or drugs, but involves such things as regulating lasers, cellular phones, and condoms, as well as control of disease in contexts varying fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Renal Failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney failure, which develops slowly and can often be irreversible. Symptoms may include leg swelling, feeling tired, vomiting, loss of appetite, and confusion. Complications of acute and chronic failure include uremia, high blood potassium, and volume overload. Complications of chronic failure also include heart disease, high blood pressure, and anemia. Causes of acute kidney failure include low blood pressure, blockage of the urinary tract, certain medications, muscle breakdown, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Causes of chronic kidney failure include diabetes, high blood pressure, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease. Diagnosis of acute fail ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinomenium Acutum
''Sinomenium'' is a genus of plant in family Menispermaceae first described as a genus in 1910. It contains only one known species, ''Sinomenium acutum'', native to China, northern India, Nepal, Japan, northern Thailand, and also Korea. Fossil record ''Sinomenium'' macrofossils have been recovered from the late Zanclean stage of Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy. Macrofossils of ''Sinomenium cantalense'' have been recovered from the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene epoch in Western Georgia in the Caucasus region.The History of the Flora and Vegetation of Georgia by Irina Shatilova, Nino Mchedlishvili, Luara Rukhadze, Eliso Kvavadze, Georgian National Museum Institute of Paleobiology, Tbilisi Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the Capital city, capital and the List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city of Georgia (country), Georgia, lying on the ... 2011, References Menispermaceae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aristolochia Fangchi
''Aristolochia fangchi'' ( zh, 广防已 guang fang ji), is a species of flowering plant in the family Aristolochiaceae, native to Vietnam and southeast and south-central China. In 1993, a series of end-stage renal disease cases were reported from Belgium associated with a weight loss treatment, where '' Stephania tetrandra'' ( zh, 粉防己 fen fang ji) in a herbal preparation was accidentally substituted with ''Aristolochia fangchi''. More than 105 patients were identified with nephropathy following the ingestion of this preparation from the same clinic from 1990 to 1992. Many required renal transplantation Kidney transplant or renal transplant is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). Kidney transplant is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantat ... or dialysis. References fangchi Flora of South-Central China Flora of Southeast China Flora of Vietnam Plants des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cocculus Thunbergii
''Cocculus'' is a genus of 11 species of woody vines and shrubs, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of North America, Asia and Africa. The common name moonseed is also used for the closely related genus ''Menispermum''. Selected species *''Cocculus carolinus'' ( L.) DC. – red-berried moonseed or Carolina moonseed (southeastern United States) *''Cocculus diversifolius'' DC. – correhuela (southern Texas, southern Arizona and northern Mexico) *''Cocculus hirsutus'' (L.) Diels (tropical Africa east to India and Nepal) *''Cocculus laurifolius'' DC. – laurel-leaved snail tree (Himalayas east to Japan) *''Cocculus orbiculatus'' (L.) DC. – queen coralbead (India east to Java) *''Cocculus sarmentosus'' ( Lour.) Diels (Taiwan) Formerly placed here *''Jateorhiza palmata'' (Lam.) Miers (as ''C. palmatus'' (Lam.) DC.) *''Pericampylus glaucus'' (Lam.) Merr. (as ''C. incanus'' Colebr.) *''Sinomenium acutum'' (Thunb.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson (as ''C. diversifoliu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cocculus Trilobus
''Cocculus'' is a genus of 11 species of woody vines and shrubs, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of North America, Asia and Africa. The common name moonseed is also used for the closely related genus ''Menispermum''. Selected species *''Cocculus carolinus'' ( L.) DC. – red-berried moonseed or Carolina moonseed (southeastern United States) *''Cocculus diversifolius'' DC. – correhuela (southern Texas, southern Arizona and northern Mexico) *''Cocculus hirsutus'' (L.) Diels (tropical Africa east to India and Nepal) *''Cocculus laurifolius'' DC. – laurel-leaved snail tree (Himalayas east to Japan) *''Cocculus orbiculatus'' (L.) DC. – queen coralbead (India east to Java) *''Cocculus sarmentosus'' ( Lour.) Diels (Taiwan) Formerly placed here *''Jateorhiza palmata'' (Lam.) Miers (as ''C. palmatus'' (Lam.) DC.) *''Pericampylus glaucus'' (Lam.) Merr. (as ''C. incanus'' Colebr.) *'' Sinomenium acutum'' (Thunb.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson (as ''C. diversifoli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nephrotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on kidney function. There are various forms, and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity. Nephrotoxicity should not be confused with some medications predominantly excreted by the kidneys needing their dose adjusted for the decreased kidney function (e.g., heparin, lithium). Types of toxicity Cardiovascular * General: diuretics, β-blockers, vasodilator agents * Local: ACE inhibitors, ciclosporin, tacrolimus. Direct tubular effect * Proximal convoluted tubule: Aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g., gentamicin), amphotericin B, cisplatin, radiocontrast media, immunoglobulins, mannitol * Distal tubule: NSAIDs (e.g. aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac), ACE inhibitors, ciclosporin, lithium salts, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B * Tubular obstruction: sulphonamides, methotrexate, acicl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis (the formation of cancer). This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens, but their carcinogenic activity is attributed to the radiation, for example gamma rays and alpha particles, which they emit. Common examples of non-radioactive carcinogens are inhaled asbestos, certain dioxins, and tobacco smoke. Although the public generally associates carcinogenicity with synthetic chemicals, it is equally likely to arise from both natural and synthetic substances. Carcinogens are not necessarily immediately toxic; thus, their effect can be insidious. Carcinogens, as mentioned, are agents in the environment capable of contributing to cancer growth. Carcinogens can be categorized into two different types: activation-dependent and activation-independent, and each nature impacts their level ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aristolochic Acid
Aristolochic acids () are a family of carcinogenic, mutagenic, and nephrotoxic phytochemicals commonly found in the flowering plant family Aristolochiaceae (birthworts). Aristolochic acid (AA) I is the most abundant one. The family Aristolochiaceae includes the genera ''Aristolochia'' and '' Asarum'' (wild ginger), which are commonly used in Chinese herbal medicine. Although these compounds are widely associated with kidney problems, liver and urothelial cancers, the use of AA-containing plants for medicinal purposes has a long history. The FDA has issued warnings regarding consumption of AA-containing supplements. History Early medical uses Birthwort plants, and the aristolochic acids they contain, were quite common in ancient Greek and Roman medical texts, well-established as an herb there by the fifth century BC. Birthworts appeared in Ayurvedic texts by 400 AD, and in Chinese texts later in the fifth century. In these ancient times, it was used to treat kidney and urinary pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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