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Steinernema Carpocapsae
''Steinernema carpocapsae'' is an entomopathogenic nematode and a member of the family Steinernematidae. It is a parasitic roundworm that has evolved an insect-killing symbiosis with bacteria, and kills its hosts within a few days of infection. This parasite releases its bacterial symbiont along with a variety of proteins into the host after infection, and together the bacteria and nematode overcome host immunity and kill the host quickly. As a consequence, ''S. carpocapsae'' has been widely adapted for use as a biological control agent in agriculture and pest control. ''S. carpocapsae'' is considered a generalist parasite and has been effectively used to control a variety of insects including: Webworms, cutworms, armyworms, girdlers, some weevils, and wood-borers. This species is an example of an "ambush" forager, standing on its tail in an upright position near the soil surface and attaching to passing hosts, even capable of jumping. As an ambush forager, ''S. carpocap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entomopathogenic Nematode
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are a group of nematodes (thread worms), that cause death to insects. The term ''entomopathogenic'' has a Greek origin, with ''entomon'', meaning ''insect'', and ''pathogenic'', which means ''causing disease''. They are animals that occupy a bio control middle ground between microbial pathogens and predator/parasitoids, and are habitually grouped with pathogens, most likely because of their symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Although many other parasitic thread worms cause diseases in living organisms (sterilizing or otherwise debilitating their host), entomopathogenic nematodes, are specific in only infecting insects. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) live parasitically inside the infected insect host, and so they are termed as ''endoparasitic''. They infect many different types of insects living in the soil like the larval forms of moths, butterflies, flies and beetles as well as adult forms of beetles, grasshoppers and crickets. EPNs have be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steinernematidae
The Steinernematidae are a family of nematodes in the order Rhabditida. Nematodes of the genus ''Steinernema'' are obligate insect parasites that inhabit soil. ''Xenorhabdus'' bacteria occupy nematode insecticide and synergistically kill, digest, and consume insect hosts. Together with ''Heterorhabditis'', ''Caenorhabditis'', ''Rhabditis ''Rhabditis'' is a genus of nematodes in the family Rhabditidae. ; Names brought to synonymy: ''Rhabditis (Caenorhabditis)'' Osche, 1952 is a synonym for ''Caenorhabditis ''Caenorhabditis'' is a genus of nematodes which live in bacteria-ric ...'', '' Pelodera'', '' Strongyloides'', '' Bursilla'', '' Cruznema'', and '' Panagrellus'', ''Sterinernema'' belongs to the order Rhabditida. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q18558530 Rhabditida Nematode families ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roundworm
The nematodes ( or grc-gre, Νηματώδη; la, Nematoda) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called Nemathelminthes), with plant-parasitic nematodes also known as eelworms. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Less formally, they are categorized as Helminths, but are taxonomically classified along with arthropods, tardigrades and other moulting animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike flatworms, have tubular digestive systems with openings at both ends. Like tardigrades, they have a reduced number of Hox genes, but their sister phylum Nematomorpha has kept the ancestral protostome Hox genotype, which shows that the reduction has occurred within the nematode phylum. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over time. A 2013 survey of animal biodiversity published in the mega ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, such as insects, mites, weeds, and plant diseases, using other organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It can be an important component of integrated pest management (IPM) programs. There are three basic strategies for biological pest control: classical (importation), where a natural enemy of a pest is introduced in the hope of achieving control; inductive (augmentation), in which a large population of natural enemies are administered for quick pest control; and inoculative (conservation), in which measures are taken to maintain natural enemies through regular reestablishment. Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors. Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. Biolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Webworm
The fall webworm (''Hyphantria cunea'') is a moth in the family Erebidae known principally for its larval stage, which creates the characteristic webbed nests on the tree limbs of a wide variety of hardwoods in the late summer and fall. It is considered a pest but, does not harm otherwise healthy trees. It is well known to commercial tree services and arboriculturists. Description The adult fall webworm has a wingspan of approximately 30 mm and is generally white-colored, although some individuals may have dark-colored marks. Distribution The moth is native to North America, ranging from Canada to Mexico and has been introduced into other continents. Introduced to what was formerly Yugoslavia in the 1940s (firstly recorded in 1949), it now has occupied probably its entire range in Europe from France to the Caspian Sea in the east as well as penetrated into Central Asia: Turkmenistan (from 1990 to 1993), Uzbekistan (Fergana valley from 1996 to 1997), Kyrgyzstan, and sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cutworm
Cutworms are moth larvae that hide under litter or soil during the day, coming out in the dark to feed on plants. A larva typically attacks the first part of the plant it encounters, namely the stem, often of a seedling, and consequently cuts it down; hence the name ''cutworm''. Cutworms are not worms, biologically speaking, but caterpillars. Feeding and hiding Cutworm larvae vary in their feeding behaviour; some remain with the plant they cut down and feed on it, while others often move on after eating a small amount from a felled seedling; such a wasteful mode of feeding results in disproportionate damage to crops. Cutworms accordingly are serious pests to gardeners in general, but to vegetable and grain farmers in particular. For example, it has been suggested that in South Africa for one, '' Agrotis segetum'' is the second worst pest of maize.Smit, Bernard, "Insects in South Africa: How to Control them", Pub: Oxford University Press, Cape Town, 1964. Note that the cutworm mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armyworm (other)
Armyworms are the caterpillars of some members of two genera: * Many ''Spodoptera'' including: ** African armyworm (''Spodoptera exempta'') (Africa) ** Fall armyworm (''Spodoptera frugiperda'') (North and South America) ** Lawn armyworm (''Spodoptera mauritia'') * Some ''Mythimna'' including: ** Common armyworm or true armyworm (''Mythimna unipuncta'') (North and South America) ** Northern armyworm, Oriental armyworm or rice ear-cutting caterpillar (''Mythimna separata ''Mythimna separata'', the northern armyworm, oriental armyworm or rice ear-cutting caterpillar, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in China, Japan, South-east Asia, India, eastern Australia, New Zealand, and some Pacific islands. I ...'') (Asia) {{Biology disambiguation Animal common name disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oncideres Cingulata
''Oncideres cingulata'', the twig girdler, is a brownish-gray beetle, typically in length, in the longhorn beetle family. It is characterized by long antennae, long. Distribution The species is found in Eastern and Gulf Coast of the United States. Ecology This beetle is widely known for the damage it causes to pecan plantations, but also to lumber trees such as hickory, oak, poplar and elm. In late summer and fall, the adult female girdles small branches, diameter, with its mandibles, cutting through the bark and into the wood. The resulting effect looks almost as if it were cut with a small saw. The female lays her eggs singularly in a separate cut into the wood, above the girdled section. Shortly after the twig is girdled and inserted with eggs, it will die and fall from the tree to the ground. The white, legless larva overwinters in the twig, then eats its way through woody tissue to the girdled point in the dead twig, and eventually closes itself in the twig with sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Weevil
Weevils are beetles belonging to the superfamily Curculionoidea, known for their elongated snouts. They are usually small, less than in length, and herbivorous. Approximately 97,000 species of weevils are known. They belong to several families, with most of them in the family Curculionidae (the true weevils). It also includes bark beetles, which while morphologically dissimilar to other weevils in lacking the distinctive snout, is a subfamily of Curculionidae. Some other beetles, although not closely related, bear the name "weevil", such as the biscuit weevil (''Stegobium paniceum''), which belongs to the family Ptinidae. Many weevils are considered pests because of their ability to damage and kill crops. The grain or wheat weevil (''Sitophilus granarius'') damages stored grain, as does the maize weevil (''Sitophilus zeamais'') among others. The boll weevil (''Anthonomus grandis'') attacks cotton crops; it lays its eggs inside cotton bolls and the larvae eat their way out. O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woodboring Beetle
The term woodboring beetle encompasses many species and families of beetles whose larval or adult forms eat and destroy wood (i.e., are xylophagous). In the woodworking industry, larval stages of some are sometimes referred to as woodworms. The three most species-rich families of woodboring beetles are longhorn beetles, bark beetles and weevils, and metallic flat-headed borers. Woodboring is thought to be the ancestral ecology of beetles, and bores made by beetles in fossil wood extend back to the earliest fossil record of beetles in the Early Permian ( Asselian), around 295-300 million years ago. Ecology Woodboring beetles most often attack dying or dead trees. In forest settings, they are important in the turnover of trees by culling weak trees, thus allowing new growth to occur. They are also important as primary decomposers of trees within forest systems, allowing for the recycling of nutrients locked away in the relatively decay-resilient woody material of trees. To deve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spiracle (arthropods)
A spiracle or stigma is the opening in the exoskeletons of insects and some spiders to allow air to enter the trachea. In the respiratory system of insects, the tracheal tubes primarily deliver oxygen directly into the animals' tissues. The spiracles can be opened and closed in an efficient manner to reduce water loss. This is done by contracting closer muscles surrounding the spiracle. In order to open, the muscle relaxes. The closer muscle is controlled by the central nervous system, but can also react to localized chemical stimuli. Several aquatic insects have similar or alternative closing methods to prevent water from entering the trachea. The timing and duration of spiracle closures can affect the respiratory rates of the organism. Spiracles may also be surrounded by hairs to minimize bulk air movement around the opening, and thus minimize water loss. Although all insects have spiracles, only some spiders have them, such as orb weavers and wolf spiders. Ancestrally, spide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EPN Lifecycle
EPN may refer to: End Polio Now, the Polio eradication campaign of Rotary International and the World Health Organization * Economic Prosperity Network, a global alliance initiative of the Trump administration * EPN (insecticide) * Effective perceived noise, a measure of aircraft noise * Electronic Payments Network, an electronic clearing house * Enrique Peña Nieto, President of Mexico 2012–2018 * Enterprise private network, an intranet in a large organisation * Entomopathogenic nematode, thread worm that kills insects * Epsin, a membrane protein * Esplanade MRT station, Singapore (MRT station abbreviation) * EUREF Permanent Network EUREF Permanent Network (EPS) is a European network of more than 300 continuously operating GNSS reference stations with precisely known coordinates referenced to the ETRS89. EPS is the key instrument in the maintenance of ETRS89 geodetic datum. ..., a European GPS network * National Polytechnic School (Ecuador) (Spanish: ), a university ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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