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Stadia Mark
Stadia marks, also called stadia lines or stadia hairs, are crosshairs on the reticle of a theodolite or other surveying instrument that allow stadiametric rangefinding. Etymology The term stadia mark derives from the obsolete unit of distance, the stadion, derived from the Greek measurement of a stadium.Early Units of Measurement and the Nautical Mile, Commander Alton B. Moody, U.S.N.R. (U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office), pp 162-170, The Journal of Navigation / Volume 5 / Issue 3 / July 1952 . Several different stadia were defined, such as the Greek stadion and Egyptian stadion. Usage A typical surveyor's instrument reticle has two pairs of stadia marks. One pair are on the horizontal centreline and the other on the vertical cross hair. Each functions in the same manner and are placed for measuring on either axis. The stadia marks are set a specific length apart. This length is chosen so that there is a fixed, integer ratio between the difference of the rod readings and th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reticle
A reticle, or reticule also known as a graticule, is a pattern of fine lines or markings built into the eyepiece of an optical device such as a telescopic sight, spotting scope, theodolite, optical microscope or the screen of an oscilloscope, to provide measurement references during visual inspections. Today, engraved lines or embedded fibers may be replaced by a digital image superimposed on a screen or eyepiece. Both terms may be used to describe any set of patterns used for aiding visual measurements and calibrations, but in modern use ''reticle'' is most commonly used for weapon sights, while ''graticule'' is more widely used for non-weapon measuring instruments such as oscilloscope display, astronomic telescopes, microscopes and slides, surveying instruments and other similar devices. There are many variations of reticle pattern; this article concerns itself mainly with the most rudimentary reticle: the crosshair. Crosshairs are typically represented as a pair o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Level Staff
{{short description, Graduated rod used to measure differences between heights A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used with a levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of points above a vertical datum. Rod construction and materials Levelling rods can be one piece, but many are sectional and can be shortened for storage and transport or lengthened for use. Aluminum rods may be shortened by telescoping sections inside each other, while wooden rod sections can be attached to each other with sliding connections or slip joints, or hinged to fold when not in use. There are many types of rods, with names that identify the form of the graduations and other characteristics. Markings can be in imperial or metric units. Some rods are graduated on one side only while others are marked on both sides. If marked on both sides, the markings can be identical or can have imperial units on one side and metri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levelling Rod
Levelling or leveling (American English; see spelling differences) is a branch of surveying, the object of which is to establish or verify or measure the height of specified points relative to a datum. It is widely used in geodesy and cartography to measure vertical position with respect to a vertical datum, and in construction to measure height differences of construction artifacts. Optical levelling Optical levelling, also known as spirit levelling and differential levelling, employs an ''optical level'', which consists of a precision telescope with crosshairs and stadia marks. The cross hairs are used to establish the level point on the target, and the stadia allow range-finding; stadia are usually at ratios of 100:1, in which case one metre between the stadia marks on the levelling staff represents 100metres from the target. The complete unit is normally mounted on a tripod, and the telescope can freely rotate 360° in a horizontal plane. The surveyor adjusts the instrume ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plane Table
A plane table (plain table prior to 1830) is a device used in surveying site mapping, exploration mapping, coastal navigation mapping, and related disciplines to provide a solid and level surface on which to make field drawings, charts and maps. The early use of the name ''plain table'' reflected its simplicity and plainness rather than its flatness. History The earliest mention of a plane table dates to 1551 in Abel Foullon's ''"Usage et description de l'holomètre"'', published in Paris.Turner, Anthony, ''Early Scientific Instruments, Europe 1400-1800'', Sotheby's Publishing, 1987, . page 81 However, since Foullon's description was of a complete, fully developed instrument, it must have been invented earlier. A brief description was also added to the 1591 edition of Digge's ''Pantometria''. The first mention of the device in English was by Cyprian Lucar in 1590.Turner, Gerard L'E., ''Scientific Instruments 1500-1900, An Introduction'', University of California Press, 1998 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dumpy Level
A level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane in a process known as levelling, and is used in conjunction with a levelling staff to establish the relative height levels of objects or marks. It is widely used in surveying and construction to measure height differences and to transfer, measure, and set heights of known objects or marks. It is also known as a surveyor's level, builder's level, dumpy level or the historic "Y" level. It operates on the principle of establishing a visual level relationship between two or more points, for which an inbuilt telescope and a highly accurate bubble level are used to achieve the necessary accuracy. Traditionally the instrument was completely adjusted manually to ensure a level line of sight, but modern automatic versions self-compensate for slight errors in the coarse levelling of the instrument, and are thereby quicker to use. The optical level should not be confused with a theodolite, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodolite
A theodolite () is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but it is also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorology and rocket launching. It consists of a moveable telescope mounted so it can rotate around horizontal and vertical axes and provide angular readouts. These indicate the orientation of the telescope, and are used to relate the first point sighted through the telescope to subsequent sightings of other points from the same theodolite position. These angles can be measured with accuracies down to microradians or seconds of arc. From these readings a plan can be drawn, or objects can be positioned in accordance with an existing plan. The modern theodolite has evolved into what is known as a total station where angles and distances are measured electronically, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tacheometry
Tacheometry (; from Greek for "quick measure") is a system of rapid surveying, by which the horizontal and vertical positions of points on the earth's surface relative to one another are determined without using a chain or tape, or a separate levelling instrument. Instead of the pole formerly employed to mark a point, a staff similar to a level staff is used. This is marked with heights from the base or foot, and is graduated according to the form of tacheometer in use. The horizontal distance is inferred from the vertical angle included between two well-defined points on the staff and the known vertical distance between them. Alternatively, also by readings of the staff indicated by two fixed stadia wires in the diaphragm ( reticle) of the telescope. The difference of height is computed from the angle of depression or elevation of a fixed point on the staff and the horizontal distance already obtained. The azimuth angle is determined as formerly. Thus, all the measurements ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stadiametric Rangefinding
Stadiametric rangefinding, or the stadia method, is a technique of measuring distances with a telescopic instrument. The term stadia comes from a Greek unit of length '' Stadion'' (equal to 600 Greek feet, '' pous'') which was the typical length of a sports stadium of the time. Stadiametric rangefinding is used for surveying and in the telescopic sights of firearms, artillery pieces, or tank guns, as well as some binoculars and other optics. It is still widely used in long-range military sniping, but in many professional applications it is being replaced with microwave, infrared, or laser rangefinding methods. Although much easier to use, electronic rangefinders can give away the shooter's position to a well-equipped adversary, and the need for accurate range estimation existed for much longer than electronic rangefinders small and rugged enough to be suitable for military use. Principle The stadia method is based upon the principle of similar triangles. This means tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Level Staff
{{short description, Graduated rod used to measure differences between heights A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a Graduation (instrument), graduated wooden or aluminium rod, used with a Dumpy level, levelling instrument to determine the difference in height between points or heights of points above a vertical datum. Rod construction and materials Levelling rods can be one piece, but many are sectional and can be shortened for storage and transport or lengthened for use. Aluminum rods may be shortened by telescoping sections inside each other, while wooden rod sections can be attached to each other with sliding connections or slip joints, or hinged to fold when not in use. There are many types of rods, with names that identify the form of the graduations and other characteristics. Markings can be in imperial or metric units. Some rods are graduated on one side only while others are marked on both sides. If marked on both sides, the markings can be identical or can have i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodolite
A theodolite () is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but it is also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorology and rocket launching. It consists of a moveable telescope mounted so it can rotate around horizontal and vertical axes and provide angular readouts. These indicate the orientation of the telescope, and are used to relate the first point sighted through the telescope to subsequent sightings of other points from the same theodolite position. These angles can be measured with accuracies down to microradians or seconds of arc. From these readings a plan can be drawn, or objects can be positioned in accordance with an existing plan. The modern theodolite has evolved into what is known as a total station where angles and distances are measured electronically, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baak
Baak is a village in the municipality Bronckhorst in the Achterhoek part of the Dutch province of Gelderland. It stands on the Baakse Beek (literally, Brook of Baak) in the municipality of Bronckhorst, about 10 km from Zutphen. Baak was founded around 1190 as a hamlet (). The village has a quite large (for its number of inhabitants) neo-gothic church, designed by Alfred Tepe. Behind the church its 18th-century predecessor can be found, a so-called barn church which nowadays serves as a cultural centre. In the south of the village, on the premises of a farm, stands the ruined tower of an otherwise vanished Gothic chapel from the 15th century. Within the village limits one can also find the manor ''Huize Baak'', one of the many manors in this part of the Achterhoek. It houses the Christian organization Ellel Ministries Hittite mythology and Hittite religion were the religious beliefs and practices of the Hittites, who created an empire centered in what is now Turkey fro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Egyptian Units Of Measurement
Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history to as far as late antiquity. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian cuneiform script. Ancient history covers all continents inhabited by humans in the period 3000 BCAD 500. The three-age system periodizes ancient history into the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, with recorded history generally considered to begin with the Bronze Age. The start and end of the three ages varies between world regions. In many regions the Bronze Age is generally considered to begin a few centuries prior to 3000 BC, while the end of the Iron Age varies from the early first millennium BC in some regions to the late first millennium AD in others. During the time period of ancient history, the world population was already exponentially increasing due to the Neolithic Revolution, which was in full progress. While in 10,000 BC, the world population stood ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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