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Soudan Mine
The Lake Vermilion-Soudan Underground Mine State Park is a Minnesota state park at the site of the Soudan Underground Mine, on the south shore of Lake Vermilion, in the Vermilion Range (Minnesota). The mine is known as Minnesota's oldest, deepest, and richest iron mine. It formerly hosted the Soudan Underground Laboratory. As the Soudan Iron Mine, it has been designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark. History In the late 19th century, prospectors searching for gold in northern Minnesota discovered extremely rich veins of hematite at this site, often containing more than 65% iron. An open pit mine began operation in 1882, and moved to underground mining by 1900 for safety reasons. From 1901 until the end of active mining in 1962, the Soudan Mine was owned by the United States Steel Corporation's Oliver Iron Mining division. By 1912 the mine was at a depth of 1,250 feet (381 m). When the mine closed, level 27 was being developed at 2,341 feet (713.5 m) below the surface ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Breitung Township, St
Breitung may refer to: * Edward Breitung, American politician * Breitung Township, Michigan * Breitung Township, Minnesota * Breitung Hotel See also * Breitungen, Thuringia, Germany * Breitungen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany {{disambiguation, geo, surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness
The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW or BWCA) comprises of pristine forests, glacial lakes, and streams in the Superior National Forest. Located entirely within the U.S. state of Minnesota at the Boundary Waters, the wilderness area is under the administration of the United States Forest Service. Efforts to preserve the primitive landscape began in the 1900s and culminated in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness Act of 1978. The area is a popular destination for canoeing, hiking, and fishing, and is the most visited wilderness in the United States. Geography The BWCAW extends along of the Canadian border in the Arrowhead Region of Minnesota. The combined region of the BWCAW, Superior National Forest, Voyageurs National Park, and Ontario's Quetico and La Verendrye provincial parks make up a large area of contiguous wilderness lakes and forests called the "Quetico-Superior country", or simply the Boundary Waters. Lake Superior lies to the south and east ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soudan 2
Soudan 2 was a particle detector located in the Soudan Mine in Northern Minnesota, United States, that operated from 1989 to 2001. It was a 960-ton iron tracking calorimeter whose primary purpose was to search for proton decay, although its data were also used to investigate the properties of neutrinos. It found no evidence of proton decay, but it did help confirm Super-Kamiokande's atmospheric neutrino result, supporting the theory of neutrino oscillation. The Soudan Mine was also home to the MINOS and CDMS detectors. History Soudan 2 was the successor to the Soudan 1, a similar 30 ton detector also intended to search for proton decay. The excavation for Soudan 2 was done in 1984–1985. Installation was started in 1986 and was completed in 1993. The experiment was run from April 1989 to June 2001, beginning with a partial detector of 275 tons.Bartelt, John Eric (March 1984)''Results from the Soudan Prototype Proton Decay Experiment'' Ph.D. thesis. University of Minnes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proton Decay
In particle physics, proton decay is a hypothetical form of particle decay in which the proton decays into lighter subatomic particles, such as a neutral pion and a positron. The proton decay hypothesis was first formulated by Andrei Sakharov in 1967. Despite significant experimental effort, proton decay has never been observed. If it does decay via a positron, the proton's half-life is constrained to be at least . According to the Standard Model, the proton, a type of baryon, is stable because baryon number ( quark number) is conserved (under normal circumstances; see ''Chiral anomaly'' for an exception). Therefore, protons will not decay into other particles on their own, because they are the lightest (and therefore least energetic) baryon. Positron emission and electron capture—forms of radioactive decay in which a proton becomes a neutron—are not proton decay, since the proton interacts with other particles within the atom. Some beyond-the-Standard-Model grand unifi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soudan 1
Soudan 1 was a particle detector located in the Soudan Mine in Northern Minnesota, United States, which operated for a year in 1981–82. It was a 30-ton tracking calorimeter whose primary purpose was to search for proton decay. It set a lower limit on the lifetime of the proton of 1.6×1030 years as well as upper limits on the density of magnetic monopoles. It also served as a prototype for the following Soudan 2 and MINOS experiments. Design and operation Soudan 1 was installed 590 meters below the surface and brought into routine operation in August 1981 by high-energy physics research groups from the University of Minnesota and Argonne National Laboratory. The detector was a 3×3×2m3 block of iron oxide-loaded concrete instrumented with 3456 gas proportional tubes. It was surrounded on five sides by a veto shield of solid scintillator, which was completed in October 1981. This allowed events which might otherwise have looked like proton decay, but were actually caused ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cosmic Rays
Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the Sun, from outside of the Solar System in our own galaxy, and from distant galaxies. Upon impact with Atmosphere of Earth, Earth's atmosphere, cosmic rays produce air shower (physics), showers of secondary particles, some of which reach the Earth's surface, surface, although the bulk are Deflection (physics), deflected off into space by the Earth's magnetic field, magnetosphere or the heliosphere. Cosmic rays were discovered by Victor Francis Hess, Victor Hess in 1912 in balloon experiments, for which he was awarded the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics. Direct measurement of cosmic rays, especially at lower energies, has been possible since the launch of the first satellites in the late 1950s. Particle detectors similar to those used in nuclear and high-energy physics are u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Minnesota
The University of Minnesota Twin Cities (historically known as University of Minnesota) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It is the Flagship#Colleges and universities in the United States, flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System and is organized into 19 colleges, schools, and other major academic units. The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the List of United States university campuses by enrollment, ninth-largest (as of the 2022–2023 academic year) main campus student body in the United States, with 54,890 students at the start of the 2023–24 academic year. The campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and Falcon Heights, Minnesota, Falcon Heights, a suburb of St. Paul, approximately apart. The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jaspilite Banded Iron Formation, Soudan Underground State Park
Jaspillite (or jaspilite), also called itabirite or jasper taconite, is a chemical rock formed similar to chert, but is generally quite iron-rich. Jaspillite is typically a banded mixture of hematite and quartz common in the banded iron formation rocks of Proterozoic and Archaean age in the Canadian Shield. Jaspillite is also formed as exhalative chemical sediments in certain lead-zinc ore deposits, and as a hydrothermal alteration facies In geology, a facies ( , ; same pronunciation and spelling in the plural) is a body of rock with distinctive characteristics. The characteristics can be any observable attribute of rocks (such as their overall appearance, composition, or con ... around submarine volcanism. It is used as a gemstone. References Jaspillite and Taconite etymology [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MINOS Project In Soudan Mine
Main injector neutrino oscillation search (MINOS) was a particle physics experiment designed to study the phenomena of neutrino oscillations, first discovered by a Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) experiment in 1998. Neutrinos produced by the NuMI ("Neutrinos at Main Injector") Accelerator neutrino, beamline at Fermilab near Chicago are observed at two detectors, one very close to where the beam is produced (the ''near detector''), and another much larger detector 735 km away in northern Minnesota (the ''far detector''). The MINOS experiment started detecting neutrinos from the NuMI beam in February 2005. On 30 March 2006, the MINOS collaboration announced that the analysis of the initial data, collected in 2005, is consistent with neutrino oscillations, with the oscillation parameters which are consistent with Super-K measurements. MINOS received the last neutrinos from the NUMI beam line at midnight on 30 April 2012. It was upgraded to MINOS+ which started taking data in 2013. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MinnPost
''MinnPost'' is a nonprofit online newspaper in Minneapolis, founded in 2007, with a focus on Minnesota news. Content and format The site does not endorse candidates for office or publish unsigned editorials representing an institutional position. MinnPost encourages broad-ranging, civil discussion from many points of view, subject to the discretion of a moderator. Content is "politics, government, science, health, culture" and other subjects including the environment, education and the arts. The non-profit model was estimated to save ''MinnPost'' about 15% of a traditional newspaper's outlays. The format takes its shape from online newspapers. At first, ''MinnPost'' published a print version of about eight pages at the lunch hour to high traffic locations. The print on demand model and print version was discontinued during the newspaper's first year. The organization is part of a much-discussed trend away from print toward online media. Quoted by '' Minnesota Public Radio Ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Star Tribune
''The Minnesota Star Tribune'', formerly the ''Minneapolis Star Tribune'', is an American daily newspaper based in Minneapolis, Minnesota. As of 2023, it is Minnesota's largest newspaper and the List of newspapers in the United States, seventh-largest in the United States by circulation, and is distributed throughout the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, the state, and the Upper Midwest. It originated as the ''Minneapolis Tribune'' in 1867 and the competing ''Minneapolis Daily Star'' in 1920. During the 1930s and 1940s, the two papers consolidated, with the ''Tribune'' published in the morning and the ''Star'' in the evening. They merged in 1982, creating the ''Minneapolis Star and Tribune'', renamed the ''Star Tribune'' in 1987. After a tumultuous period in which the newspaper was sold and resold and filed for Bankruptcy in the United States, bankruptcy protection in 2009, it was purchased by local billionaire and former Minnesota State Senator Glen Taylor in 2014. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stuntz Bay Boathouse Historic District
The Stuntz Bay Boathouse Historic District comprises a row of 143 boathouses on Lake Vermilion in Breitung Township, Minnesota, United States. They were mostly built in the first half of the 20th century by employees of the adjacent Soudan Iron Mine. The mining company provided the lots to employees as a reward for their years of service, and the miners did their own construction. Most of the boathouses were built with tamarack logs and scrap corrugated metal from the mine property. Boating and fishing were major pastimes for the mine employees and their families in their leisure hours, and the mining company promoted access to outdoor recreation as a perk of employment. With The Stuntz Bay Boathouses were listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 for their local significance in the themes of architecture, entertainment/recreation, industry, and social history. They were nominated for illustrating the personal lives of the miners ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
