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Social Safety Net
A social safety net (SSN) consists of non-contributory assistance existing to improve lives of vulnerable families and individuals experiencing poverty and destitution. Examples of SSNs are previously-contributory social pensions, in-kind and food transfers, conditional and unconditional cash transfers, fee waivers, public works, and school feeding programs.World Bank. 2018"The State of Social Safety Nets" 2018. Washington, DC: World Bank. © World Bank. License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. Definitions There is no exact and unified definition of the concept of SSN. The World Bank has one of the widest definitions, but multiple definitions are used by different scholars, institutions, and organizations such as the International Labor Organization (ILO) and ESCAP. This lead some scholars to go so far as to hold that there is no point in using the term SSN as it is rarely used consistently and are instead advocating that the different components of SSN are used for analysis rather than the term ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Pension
According to the International Labour Organization, social security is a human right that aims at reducing and preventing poverty and vulnerability throughout the life cycle of individuals. Social security includes different kinds of benefits (maternity, unemployment, disability, sickness, old age, etc.) A social pension is a stream of payments from the state to an individual that starts when someone retires and continues to be paid until death. This type of pension represents the non-contributory part of the pension system, the other being the contributory pension, as per the most common form of composition of these systems in most developed countries. History The need for a social pension dates back to the Industrial Revolution, when the new economic system boosted the mobility of workers, but loosened ties between family members, whose solidarity was protecting people from personal economic deprivation. This, along with impractical voluntary thrift and insurance, resulted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guaranteed Minimum Income
Guaranteed minimum income (GMI), also called minimum income (or mincome for short), is a social-welfare spending, welfare system that guarantees all citizens or families an income sufficient to live on, provided that certain eligibility conditions are met, typically: citizenship and that the person in question does not already receive a minimum level of income to live on. The primary goal of a guaranteed minimum income is poverty reduction, reduction of poverty. Under more unconditional requirements, when citizenship is the sole qualification, the program becomes a ''universal basic income'' (UBI) system. Unlike a guaranteed minimum income, UBI does not typically take into account what a recipient already earns before receiving a UBI. A form of guaranteed minimum income that considers income as a criterion is the negative income tax. In this system, only individuals earning below a certain threshold receive subsidies. Elements A system of guaranteed minimum income can consist of s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Inheritance
Universal inheritance or basic inheritance is a proposal for all citizens, upon reaching a certain age, to receive an economic endowment from the State. From heterodox economic perspectives, inheritance has been criticized both from a historical standpoint, as property and inequality in its distribution couldn't be understood without the original accumulation of capital; and from an ethical and justice standpoint, as no human being would have the right to greater ownership over Earth's wealth solely by the circumstance of being born into one family or another. In this manner, universal inheritance has been proposed as a way to offset wealth distribution inequality, funded through progressive taxes. The first proposal for universal inheritance was made by Thomas Paine in 1795, although similar measures have been proposed in different countries and historical moments since then. Among the criticisms of this measure is the fact that it's proposed as an inheritance for all citizen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Basic Services
Universal basic services (UBS) is an idea of a form of social security in which all citizens or residents of a community, region, or country receive unconditional access to a range of free, basic, public services, funded by taxpayers and provided collectively by a government or Public institution (United States), public institution. The basic services commonly include: *Education *Health care *Housing *Essential food *Water and sanitation *Buses and trains *Basic internet *Legal aid and representation Further services, where there are low or zero marginal costs for adding further users are: *Electricity and heating *Retail banking *Public broadcast media History Universal Basic Services is a development of the welfare state model. The term appeared in 2017 in press and the first modelling in a report from University College London, University College London (UCL)'s Institute for Global Prosperity. The Labour Party (UK), British Labour Party welcomed the report and announced in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Universal Basic Income
Universal basic income (UBI) is a social welfare proposal in which all citizens of a given population regularly receive a minimum income in the form of an unconditional transfer payment, i.e., without a means test or need to perform Work (human activity), work. In contrast, a ''guaranteed minimum income'' is paid only to those who do not already receive an income that is enough to live on. A UBI would be received independently of any other income. If the level is sufficient to meet a person's basic needs (i.e., at or above the poverty line), it is considered a ''full basic income''; if it is less than that amount, it is called a ''partial basic income''. As of 2025, no country has implemented a full UBI system, but two countries—Mongolia and Iran—have had a partial UBI in the past. There have been Universal basic income pilots, numerous pilot projects, and the idea Universal basic income around the world, is discussed in many countries. Some have labelled UBI as utopian du ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Pension
A pension (; ) is a fund into which amounts are paid regularly during an individual's working career, and from which periodic payments are made to support the person's retirement from work. A pension may be either a "defined benefit plan", where defined periodic payments are made in retirement and the sponsor of the scheme (e.g. the employer) must make further payments into the fund if necessary to support these defined retirement payments, or a " defined contribution plan", under which defined amounts are paid in during working life, and the retirement payments are whatever can be afforded from the fund. Pensions should not be confused with severance pay; the former is usually paid in regular amounts for life after retirement, while the latter is typically paid as a fixed amount after involuntary termination of employment before retirement. The terms "retirement plan" and " superannuation" tend to refer to a pension granted upon retirement of the individual; the terminology va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Solidarity Economy
Solidarity economy or social and solidarity economy (SSE) refers to a wide range of economic activities that aim to prioritize social profitability instead of purely financial profits. A key feature that distinguishes solidarity economy entities from private and public enterprises is the participatory and democratic nature of governance in decision-making processes as one of the main principles of the SSE sector. Active participation of all people involved in decision-making procedures contributes to their empowerment as active political subjects. However, different SSE organizational structures reflect variations in democratic governance and inclusive participation. Ultimately, SSE represents a crucial tool in guaranteeing that social justice ideals are upheld and that the wellbeing of the most vulnerable populations is paid attention to during the planning processes''.'' Overview Some refer to solidarity economy as a method for naming and conceptualizing transformative monetary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Welfare Provision
Welfare spending is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifically to social insurance programs which provide support only to those who have previously contributed (e.g. pensions), as opposed to ''social assistance'' programs which provide support on the basis of need alone (e.g. most disability benefits). The International Labour Organization defines social security as covering support for those in old age, support for the maintenance of children, medical treatment, parental and sick leave, unemployment and disability benefits, and support for sufferers of occupational injury. More broadly, welfare may also encompass efforts to provide a basic level of well-being through subsidized ''social services'' such as healthcare, education, infrastructure, vocational training, and public housing.''The New Fontana Dictionary of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Security
Welfare spending is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifically to social insurance programs which provide support only to those who have previously contributed (e.g. pensions), as opposed to ''social assistance'' programs which provide support on the basis of need alone (e.g. most disability benefits). The International Labour Organization defines social security as covering support for those in old age, support for the maintenance of children, medical treatment, parental and sick leave, unemployment and disability benefits, and support for sufferers of occupational injury. More broadly, welfare may also encompass efforts to provide a basic level of well-being through subsidized ''social services'' such as healthcare, education, infrastructure, vocational training, and public housing.''The New Fontana Diction ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Protection Floor
The social protection floor (SPF) is the first level of protection in a national social protection system. It is a basic set of social rights derived from human right treaties, including access to essential services (such as Universal health care, health, Universal access to education, education, Right to housing, housing, Human right to water and sanitation, water and sanitation, and others, as defined nationally) and social transfers, in cash or in kind, to guarantee economic security, food security, adequate nutrition and access to essential services. As a result of the extreme inequality, social security schemes have been developed and implemented, through private and public initiatives, since the 1970s in Europe and subsequently in other parts of the world. However, the problem of poverty persists. According to the World Bank, over a billion people, or roughly one in six, live in extreme poverty (defined as a daily income not exceeding US$1) and 2.8 billion people live in pove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Network
A social network is a social structure consisting of a set of social actors (such as individuals or organizations), networks of Dyad (sociology), dyadic ties, and other Social relation, social interactions between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities along with a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures. The study of these structures uses social network analysis to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine dynamics of networks. For instance, social network analysis has been used in studying the spread of misinformation on social media platforms or analyzing the influence of key figures in social networks. Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary academic field which emerged from social psychology, sociology, statistics, and graph theory. Georg Simmel authored early structural th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Insurance
Social insurance is a form of Social protection, social welfare that provides insurance against economic risks. The insurance may be provided publicly or through the subsidizing of private insurance. In contrast to other forms of Welfare spending, social assistance, individuals' claims are partly dependent on their contributions, which can be considered insurance premiums to create a common fund out of which the individuals are then paid benefits in the future. Types of social insurance include: * Universal health care, Public health insurance * Social Security (United States), Social Security * Unemployment Insurance, Public Unemployment Insurance * Public auto insurance * Parental leave, Universal parental leave Features * The contributions of individuals is nominal and never goes beyond what they can afford * the Social welfare, benefits, eligibility requirements and other aspects of the program are defined by statute; * explicit provision is made to account for the incom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
