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Smittium Biforme
''Smittium'' is a genus of fungi in the order Harpellales. It is the largest genus in the order. As of 2013, there were 81 described species.Wang, Y., et al. (2013)Overview of 75 years of ''Smittium'' research, establishing a new genus for ''Smittium culisetae'', and prospects for future revisions of the ‘Smittium’ clade.''Mycologia'' 105(1) 90-111. Many of these have been formally described only recently; in 1998 there were just 46.Lichtwardt, R. W. and R. D. Grigg. (1998)Four new ''Smittium'' species inhabiting the hindgut of Chironomidae larvae.''Mycologia'' 90(3) 427-33. Several have been transferred to ''Smittium'' from other genera, such as '' Orphella'', '' Rubetella'', ''Genistella'', and '' Typhella''.Valle, L. G. and S. Santamaria. (2004)The genus ''Smittium'' (Trichomycetes, Harpellales) in the Iberian Peninsula.''Mycologia'' 96(3) 682-701. In general, the genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but some species are limited to small regions. Like most other fungi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family (taxonomy), family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. :E.g. ''Panthera leo'' (lion) and ''Panthera onca'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''Panthera''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family Felidae. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomy (biology), taxonomists. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: # monophyly – all descendants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chironomidae
The Chironomidae (informally known as chironomids, nonbiting midges, or lake flies) comprise a family of nematoceran flies with a global distribution. They are closely related to the Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae. Many species superficially resemble mosquitoes, but they lack the wing scales and elongated mouthparts of the Culicidae. The name Chironomidae stems from the Ancient Greek word ''kheironómos'', "a pantomimist". Common names and biodiversity This is a large taxon of insects; some estimates of the species numbers suggest well over 10,000 world-wide. Males are easily recognized by their plumose antennae. Adults are known by a variety of vague and inconsistent common names, largely by confusion with other insects. For example, chironomids are known as "lake flies" in parts of Canada and Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, but "bay flies" in the areas near the bay of Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are called "sand flies", "muckleheads", "muffleheads", "Canadian so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smittium Bulbosporophorus
''Smittium'' is a genus of fungi in the order Harpellales. It is the largest genus in the order. As of 2013, there were 81 described species.Wang, Y., et al. (2013)Overview of 75 years of ''Smittium'' research, establishing a new genus for ''Smittium culisetae'', and prospects for future revisions of the ‘Smittium’ clade.''Mycologia'' 105(1) 90-111. Many of these have been formally described only recently; in 1998 there were just 46.Lichtwardt, R. W. and R. D. Grigg. (1998)Four new ''Smittium'' species inhabiting the hindgut of Chironomidae larvae.''Mycologia'' 90(3) 427-33. Several have been transferred to ''Smittium'' from other genera, such as '' Orphella'', '' Rubetella'', '' Genistella'', and '' Typhella''.Valle, L. G. and S. Santamaria. (2004)The genus ''Smittium'' (Trichomycetes, Harpellales) in the Iberian Peninsula.''Mycologia'' 96(3) 682-701. In general, the genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but some species are limited to small regions. Like most other fungi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smittium Brevisporum
''Smittium'' is a genus of fungi in the order Harpellales. It is the largest genus in the order. As of 2013, there were 81 described species.Wang, Y., et al. (2013)Overview of 75 years of ''Smittium'' research, establishing a new genus for ''Smittium culisetae'', and prospects for future revisions of the ‘Smittium’ clade.''Mycologia'' 105(1) 90-111. Many of these have been formally described only recently; in 1998 there were just 46.Lichtwardt, R. W. and R. D. Grigg. (1998)Four new ''Smittium'' species inhabiting the hindgut of Chironomidae larvae.''Mycologia'' 90(3) 427-33. Several have been transferred to ''Smittium'' from other genera, such as '' Orphella'', '' Rubetella'', '' Genistella'', and '' Typhella''.Valle, L. G. and S. Santamaria. (2004)The genus ''Smittium'' (Trichomycetes, Harpellales) in the Iberian Peninsula.''Mycologia'' 96(3) 682-701. In general, the genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but some species are limited to small regions. Like most other fungi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypha
A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called "septa" (singular septum). Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria, and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells. The major structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically chitin, in contrast to plants and oomycetes that have cellulosic cell walls. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa. Hyphae have an average diameter of 4–6 µm. Growth Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls are extended by the external assembly and polymerization of cell wall components, and the internal production of new cell membrane. The S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chitin
Chitin ( C8 H13 O5 N)n ( ) is a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is probably the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose); an estimated 1 billion tons of chitin are produced each year in the biosphere. It is a primary component of cell walls in fungi (especially basidiomycetes and filamentous fungi), the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans and insects, the radulae, cephalopod beaks and gladii of molluscs and in some nematodes and diatoms. It is also synthesised by at least some fish and lissamphibians. Commercially, chitin is extracted from the shells of crabs, shrimps, shellfishes and lobsters, which are major by-products of the seafood industry. The structure of chitin is comparable to cellulose, forming crystalline nanofibrils or whiskers. It is functionally comparable to the protein keratin. Chitin has proved useful for several medicinal, industrial and biotechnological purpos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hindgut
The hindgut (or epigaster) is the posterior ( caudal) part of the alimentary canal. In mammals, it includes the distal one third of the transverse colon and the splenic flexure, the descending colon, sigmoid colon and up to the ano-rectal junction. In zoology, the term ''hindgut'' refers also to the cecum and ascending colon. Structure Blood supply Arterial supply is by the inferior mesenteric artery, and venous drainage is to the portal venous system. Lymphatic drainage is to the chyle cistern. Nerve supply The hindgut is innervated via the inferior mesenteric plexus. Sympathetic innervation is from the Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2), parasympathetic innervation is from S2-S4. Development Additional images File:Gray985.png, Abdominal part of digestive tube and its attachment to the primitive or common mesentery. Human embryo of six weeks. File:Gray1115.png, Tail end of human embryo twenty-five to twenty-nine days old. File:Illacme plenipes female with 170 segments and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. Bacterial spores are not part of a sexual cycle, but are resistant structures used for survival under unfavourable conditions. Myxozoan spores release amoeboid infectious germs ("amoebulae") into their hosts for parasitic infection, but also reproduce within the hosts through the pairing of two nuclei within the plasmodium, which develops from the amoebula. In plants, spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte. Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte, which eventually goes on to produce gametes. Two gametes fuse to form a zygote which develops into a new s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moulting
In biology, moulting (British English), or molting (American English), also known as sloughing, shedding, or in many invertebrates, ecdysis, is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off a part of its body (often, but not always, an outer layer or covering), either at specific times of the year, or at specific points in its life cycle. In medieval times it was also known as "mewing" (from the French verb "muer", to moult), a term that lives on in the name of Britain's Royal Mews where the King's hawks used to be kept during moulting time before becoming horse stables after Tudor times. Moulting can involve shedding the Epidermis (skin), epidermis (skin), pelage (hair, feathers, fur, wool), or other external layer. In some groups, other body parts may be shed, for example, the entire exoskeleton in arthropods, including the wings in some insects. Examples In birds In birds, moulting is the periodic replacement of feathers by shedding old feathers while producing new o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasitism
Parasitism is a Symbiosis, close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the Host (biology), host, causing it some harm, and is Adaptation, adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has characterised parasites as "predators that eat prey in units of less than one". Parasites include single-celled protozoans such as the agents of malaria, sleeping sickness, and amoebic dysentery; animals such as hookworms, lice, mosquitoes, and vampire bats; fungi such as Armillaria mellea, honey fungus and the agents of ringworm; and plants such as mistletoe, dodder, and the Orobanchaceae, broomrapes. There are six major parasitic Behavioral ecology#Evolutionarily stable strategy, strategies of exploitation of animal hosts, namely parasitic castration, directly transmitted parasitism (by contact), wikt:trophic, trophicallytransmitted parasitism (by being eaten), Disease vector, vector-transmitted paras ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smittium Morbosum
''Smittium'' is a genus of fungi in the order Harpellales. It is the largest genus in the order. As of 2013, there were 81 described species.Wang, Y., et al. (2013)Overview of 75 years of ''Smittium'' research, establishing a new genus for ''Smittium culisetae'', and prospects for future revisions of the ‘Smittium’ clade.''Mycologia'' 105(1) 90-111. Many of these have been formally described only recently; in 1998 there were just 46.Lichtwardt, R. W. and R. D. Grigg. (1998)Four new ''Smittium'' species inhabiting the hindgut of Chironomidae larvae.''Mycologia'' 90(3) 427-33. Several have been transferred to ''Smittium'' from other genera, such as '' Orphella'', '' Rubetella'', '' Genistella'', and '' Typhella''.Valle, L. G. and S. Santamaria. (2004)The genus ''Smittium'' (Trichomycetes, Harpellales) in the Iberian Peninsula.''Mycologia'' 96(3) 682-701. In general, the genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but some species are limited to small regions. Like most other fungi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vitamin
A vitamin is an organic molecule (or a set of molecules closely related chemically, i.e. vitamers) that is an Nutrient#Essential nutrients, essential micronutrient that an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. Essential nutrients cannot be biosynthesis, synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in sufficient quantities, and therefore must be obtained through the Diet (nutrition), diet. Vitamin C can be synthesized by some species but not by others; it is not a vitamin in the first instance but is in the second. The term ''vitamin'' does not include the three other groups of essential nutrients: mineral (nutrient), minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers. For example, there are eight vitamers of vitamin E: four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Some sources list fourteen vitamins, by including choline, but major health ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
