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Simple View Of Reading
The simple view of reading is a scientific theory that a student's ability to understand written words depends on how well they ''sound out (decode)'' the words and ''understand the meaning'' of those words. Specifically, their ''reading comprehension'' can be predicted by multiplying their skill in decoding the written words by their ability to understand the meaning of those words. It is expressed in this equation: Decoding (D) x (Oral) Language Comprehension (LC)= Reading Comprehension (RC) The parts of the equation are: :(D) ''Decoding'': the ability of the student to ''sound-out or decode'' the written words using the principles of phonics (e.g. /k - æ - t/= cat). :(LC) ''language (listening) comprehension'': the ability of the student to understand the meaning of the words (as if they had been ''spoken out loud''). :(RC) ''Reading comprehension'': the ability of the student to understand the meaning of the ''written'' words. To be clear, all of this can be done while d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phonics
Phonics is a method for teaching people how to Reading, read and write an alphabetic language (such as English alphabet, English, Arabic alphabet, Arabic or Russian alphabet, Russian). It is done by demonstrating the relationship between the sounds of the spoken language (phonemes), and the letters or groups of letters (graphemes) or syllables of the written language. In English, this is also known as the alphabetic principle or the ''Alphabetic code''. Phonics is taught using a variety of approaches, for example: a) learning ''individual'' sounds and their corresponding letters (e.g. the word cat has three letters and three sounds c - a - t, (in International Phonetic Alphabet, IPA: , , ), whereas the word flower has six letters but four sounds: f - l - ow - er, (IPA , , , ), or b) learning the sounds of letters or groups of letters, at the word level, such as similar sounds (e.g., cat, can, call), or Syllable#Rime, rimes (e.g., hat, mat and sat have the same rime, "at"), or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands within the British Isles. Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. The total area of the United Kingdom is , with an estimated 2020 population of more than 67 million people. The United Kingdom has evolved from a series of annexations, unions and separations of constituent countries over several hundred years. The Treaty of Union between the Kingdom of England (which included Wales, annexed in 1542) and the Kingdom of Scotland in 170 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Learning Disabilities
Learning disability, learning disorder, or learning difficulty (British English) is a condition in the brain that causes difficulties comprehending or processing information and can be caused by several different factors. Given the "difficulty learning in a typical manner", this does not exclude the ability to learn in a different manner. Therefore, some people can be more accurately described as having a "learning difference", thus avoiding any misconception of being disabled with a lack of ability to learn and possible negative stereotyping. In the United Kingdom, the term "learning disability" generally refers to an intellectual disability, while difficulties such as dyslexia and dyspraxia are usually referred to as "learning difficulties". While ''learning disability'' and ''learning disorder'' are often used interchangeably, they differ in many ways. Disorder refers to significant learning problems in an academic area. These problems, however, are not enough to warrant a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reading (process)
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of letters, symbols, etc., especially by sight or touch. For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation. Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol and an emoji), are not based on speech-based writing systems. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (as in the case of Braille). Overview Reading is typically an individual activity, done silently, although on occasion a person reads out loud for other listeners; or reads aloud for one's own use, for better comprehension. Before the reintroduction of separated text (spaces between words) in the late Middle Ages, the ability to read silently was considered rather remarkable. Major pred ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Learning To Read
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of letters, symbols, etc., especially by sight or touch. For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation. Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol and an emoji), are not based on speech-based writing systems. The common link is the interpretation of symbols to extract the meaning from the visual notations or tactile signals (as in the case of Braille). Overview Reading is typically an individual activity, done silently, although on occasion a person reads out loud for other listeners; or reads aloud for one's own use, for better comprehension. Before the reintroduction of separated text (spaces between words) in the late Middle Ages, the ability to read silently was considered rather remarkable. Major pred ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperlexia
Hyperlexia is a syndrome characterized by a child's precocious ability to read. It was initially identified by Norman E. Silberberg and Margaret C. Silberberg (1967), who defined it as the precocious ability to read words without prior training in learning to read, typically before the age of five. They indicated that children with hyperlexia have a significantly higher word-decoding ability than their reading comprehension levels. Children with hyperlexia also present with an intense fascination for written material at a very early age. Hyperlexic children are characterized by word-reading ability well above what would be expected given their age. First named and scientifically described in 1967 (Silverberg and Silverberg), it can be viewed as a superability in which word recognition ability goes far above expected levels of skill. Some hyperlexics, however, have trouble understanding speech. Some experts believe that most children with hyperlexia, or perhaps even all of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dyslexia
Dyslexia, also known until the 1960s as word blindness, is a disorder characterized by reading below the expected level for one's age. Different people are affected to different degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head, pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding what one reads. Often these difficulties are first noticed at school. The difficulties are involuntary, and people with this disorder have a normal desire to learn. People with dyslexia have higher rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental language disorders, and difficulties with numbers. Dyslexia is believed to be caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Some cases run in families. Dyslexia that develops due to a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia is sometimes called "acquired dyslexia" or alexia. The underlying mechanisms of dyslexia result from differ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dual-route Hypothesis To Reading Aloud
The dual-route theory of reading aloud was first described in the early 1970s. This theory suggests that two separate mental mechanisms, or cognitive routes, are involved in reading aloud, with output of both mechanisms contributing to the pronunciation of a written stimulus. Lexical The lexical route, is the process whereby skilled readers can recognize known words by sight alone, through a "dictionary" lookup procedure. According to this model, every word a reader has learned is represented in a mental database of words and their pronunciations that resembles a dictionary, or internal lexicon. When a skilled reader sees and visually recognizes a written word, they are then able to access the dictionary entry for the word and retrieve the information about its pronunciation. The internal lexicon encompasses every learned word, even exception words like 'colonel' or 'pint' that don't follow letter-to-sound rules. This route doesn't enable reading of nonwords (e.g. 'zuce'), though ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Literacy Strategy
The Primary National Strategy document was launched in the UK in May 2003 by Charles Clarke, the Secretary of State for Education. The then-existing National Numeracy Strategy and National Literacy Strategy were taken under the umbrella of the Primary National Strategy. In October 2006 the frameworks for teaching literacy and mathematics were "renewed" and issued in electronic form as the ''Primary Framework for literacy and mathematics''. See also *National Curriculum (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) *The National Strategies External links Primary National Strategy homepage(Archived in 2010 when the Coalition Government took office.) Renewed Framework homepage Education in England United Kingdom educational programs Education policy in the United Kingdom {{UK-edu-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Independent Review Of The Teaching Of Early Reading (Rose Report 2006)
The Independent review of the teaching of early reading was an influential report by Sir Jim Rose, former HMI director of inspection at Ofsted, into the teaching of reading in primary schools in England. Another report was published in April 2009, with the name Independent Review of the Primary Curriculum: Final Report, after additional evidence was received from the Cambridge Primary Review. Both reports recommended that high quality systematic phonics "should be taught as the prime approach in learning to decode (to read) and encode (to write/spell) print". Phonics should be taught systematically and discretely, however, it should be set within a "broad and rich" "multisensory" curriculum. The reports stressed the importance of language development (including speaking and listening). The reports also recommended that the "searchlights" model of reading should be replaced with the simple view of reading. See also * The National Strategies *Phonics *Primary National Strategy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Remedial And Special Education
''Remedial and Special Education'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in the field of special education. The editors-in-chief are Kathleen Lane and Karrie Shogren (University of Kansas). It was established in 1984 and is currently published by SAGE Publications in association with the Hammill Institute on Disabilities. Abstracting and indexing ''Remedial and Special Education'' is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases, Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', its 2021 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as i ... is 5.258, ranking it 1st out of 44 journals in the category "Education, Special". References External links * {{Official website, https://journals.sagepub.com/h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hollis Scarborough
Dr Hollis Scarborough is an American psychologist and literacy expert who is a senior scientist at Haskins Laboratories in New Haven, Connecticut. She has been a leading researcher in the area of Learning to read, reading acquisition since 1981, and has been involved with efforts to improve US national policy on the teaching of reading. Scarborough was a member of the Committee on the Prevention of Reading Difficulties in Young Children, United States National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences (1996–1998). She sat on the board of directors of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading from 1999 until 2007. She was associate editor of the journal ''Annals of Dyslexia'' from 1994 until 2002 and continues to be on the council of advisors to the International Dyslexia Association (IDA). In 2009, Scarborough shared the IDA's Samuel Orton, Samuel Torrey Orton award with Susan Brady (psychologist), Susan Brady. The Orton Award is the association's highest honor. Sele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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