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Silk In The Indian Subcontinent
Silk In India, about 97% of the raw mulberry silk is produced in the Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Mysore and North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a US$20 million "Silk City", contribute to a majority of silk production. Another emerging silk producer is Tamil Nadu where mulberry cultivation is concentrated in Salem, Erode and Dharmapuri districts. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh and Gobichettipalayam, Tamil Nadu were the first locations to have automated silk reeling units. History Indus Valley Civilisation Recent archaeological discoveries in Harappa and Chanhudaro suggest that sericulture, employing wild silk threads from native silkworm species, existed in South Asia during the time of the Indus Valley civilisation dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC. The Indus silks were obtained from more than one species ''Antheraea'' and ''Philosamia'' (eri silk). ''Antheraea assamensis'' and '' A. paphia'' were widely used. These findings were pub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colours Of India - Silk Yarn Waiting To Be Made Into Saris
Color (American English) or colour (British English) is the visual perceptual property deriving from the spectrum of light interacting with the photoreceptor cells of the eyes. Color categories and physical specifications of color are associated with objects or materials based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra. By defining a color space, colors can be identified numerically by their coordinates. Because perception of color stems from the varying spectral sensitivity of different types of cone cells in the retina to different parts of the spectrum, colors may be defined and quantified by the degree to which they stimulate these cells. These physical or physiological quantifications of color, however, do not fully explain the psychophysical perception of color appearance. Color science includes the perception of color by the eye and brain, the origin of color in materials, color theory in art, and the physics of electr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wild Silk
Wild silks have been known and used in many countries from early times, although the scale of production is far smaller than that from cultivated silkworms. Silk cocoons and nests often resemble paper or cloth, and their use has arisen independently in many societies. Background Silk taken from various species has been used since ancient times, either in its natural state or after some form of preparation. Spider webs were used as a wound dressing in ancient Greece and Rome, and as a base for painting from the 16th century. Caterpillar nests were cut and pasted together to make a paper-like fabric in the Aztec Empire. To make a woven fabric, silk threads must first be either carded and spun, or extracted as a single intact thread. Commercially reared silkworms of the species ''Bombyx mori'' (Linnaeus, 1758) are normally killed before the pupae emerge, either by pricking them with a needle or dipping the cocoons into boiling water, thus allowing the whole cocoon to be unravelled ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti-colonial nationalist politics in the twentieth-century in ways that neither indigenous nor westernized Indian nationalists could." and political ethicist Quote: "Gandhi staked his reputation as an original political thinker on this specific issue. Hitherto, violence had been used in the name of political rights, such as in street riots, regicide, or armed revolutions. Gandhi believes there is a better way of securing political rights, that of nonviolence, and that this new way marks an advance in political ethics." who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule, and to later inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific ''Mahātmā'' (Sanskrit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahimsa Silk
Ahimsa silk (''ahiṃsā'': Sanskrit for 'nonviolence') is a method of nonviolent silk breeding and harvesting. Wild silk moths are bred, rather than the domestic variety. It allows the completion of the metamorphosis of the silkworm to its moth stage, whereas most silk harvesting requires the silkworms to be killed in their cocoon stage. No animals suffer or die for the silk to be produced, making it a favorable alternative to normal silk for those who object to harming animals. Process The pupa is allowed to hatch and the leftover cocoon is then used to create silk. While the ''Bombyx mori'' (also called mulberry silkworm or mulberry silk moth) are the preferred species for creating ahimsa silk, there are a few other types of species that fall under the category of ahimsa silk, which is defined not necessarily by the species of the moth involved but by the methods for harvesting the cocoon. The other types of silkworm that are used for this process are a subspecies of the Sami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Degumming
Sericulture, or silk farming, is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk. Although there are several commercial species of silkworms, ''Bombyx mori'' (the caterpillar of the domestic silkmoth) is the most widely used and intensively studied silkworm. Silk was believed to have first been produced in China as early as the Neolithic Period. Sericulture has become an important cottage industry in countries such as Brazil, China, France, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, and Russia. Today, China and India are the two main producers, with more than 60% of the world's annual production. History According to Confucian text, the discovery of silk production dates to about 2700 BC, although archaeological records point to silk cultivation as early as the Yangshao period (5000–3000 BC). In 1977, a piece of ceramic created 5400–5500 years ago and designed to look like a silkworm was discovered in Nancun, Hebei, providing the earliest known evidence of sericulture. Also, by carefu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and one of the most prestigious and highly ranked universities in the world. The university is composed of ten academic faculties plus Harvard Radcliffe Institute. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate academic disciplines, and other faculties offer only graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three main campuses: the Cambridge campus centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately across Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's Longwood Medical Area. Harvard's endowment is valued at $50.9 billion, making it the wealthiest academic institution in the world. Endowment inco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Archaeometry (journal)
''Archaeometry'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering archaeological science, particularly absolute dating methods, artefact studies, quantitative archaeology, remote sensing, conservation science, and environmental archaeology. It is published bimonthly by Wiley-Blackwell, on behalf of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art at the University of Oxford, in association with the '' Gesellschaft für Naturwissenschaftliche Archäologie Archäometrie'' and the Society for Archaeological Sciences. Its current editors are A. Mark Pollard, Ina Reiche, Brandi MacDonald, Gilberto Artioli, and Catherine Batt. The journal was founded as the ''Bulletin of the Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art'' in 1958. It has been published by Wiley-Blackwell since 2001. Research papers published in ''Archaeometry'' are typically "technical expositions of physical and chemical methods applicable to dating and materials identification in archaeolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antheraea Paphia
''Antheraea paphia'', known as the South India small tussore, the tasar silkworm and vanya silkwormKavane, R. P. (2014)''Syzygium cumini'' L. – A potential new host of tropical tasar silkworm, ''Antheraea mylitta'' Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).''Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies'' 2(1) 33-37. is a species of moth of the family Saturniidae found in IndiaChakraborty, S., et al. (2015)Genetic analysis of Indian tasar silkmoth (''Antheraea mylitta'') populations.Scientific Reports'' 5 15728. and Sri Lanka. The bulk of the literature on this species uses a junior synonym, ''Antheraea mylitta'', rather than the correct name, ''A. paphia''. It is one of a number of tasar silkworms, species that produce Tussar silk, a kind of wild silk that is made from the products of saturniid silkworms instead of the domesticated silkworm (''Bombyx mori'').Jolly, M. S., Sen, S. K., and Das, M. G. (1976)Silk from the forest.''Unasylva'' 28(114) 20-23. This species is variable, with at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antheraea Assamensis
''Antheraea assamensis'', known as the muga silkworm as a larva and Assam silk moth as an adult, is a moth of the family Saturniidae. The species was first described by Johann Wilhelm Helfer in 1837. It is found in Assam in northeast India where 99% of its production occurs. The larva feed on ''Cinnamomum'', ''Laurus'', ''Litsea'', ''Carpinus'', ''Persea'', ''Magnolia'', ''Michelia'', ''Quercus'', ''Sarcostemma'' and ''Symplocos''. Its silk, one of the varieties of tussar silk, has a glossy golden hue which improves with age and washing. It is never bleached or dyed and is stain resistant. It was reserved for the exclusive use of elites in Assam. Like other silk moths, the female has a larger abdomen and slender antennae when compared to males. The larvae are vibrantly coloured and are monophagous as other silk moths. In 2015, Adarsh Gupta K of Nagaraju's research team at Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad, India, discovered the complete sequence and the pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eri Silk
Eri silk (Khasi'': Ryndia)'' is the product of the domesticated silkworm '' Samia ricini'', found mainly in North East India and some part of China and Japan. It was imported to Thailand in 1974. The name "eri" is derived from the Assamese word "era", which means "castor", as the silkworm feeds on castor plants. Another type of eri silk is "Ailanthus silk moth", refers to the host plant, Borkesseu, Ailanthus excelsa, practiced in China. Eri silk is also known as endi or errandi in India. The woolly white silk is often referred to as the fabric of peace when it is processed without killing the silkworm. This process results in a silk called Ahimsa silk. Moths leave the cocoon and then the cocoons are harvested to be spun. The eri silkworm is the only completely domesticated silkworm other than ''Bombyx mori''. Process Eri caterpillars eat a number of plants, including Kesseru. In India, it is grown in the states of Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philosamia
''Samia'' is a genus of moths in the family Saturniidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Species *'' Samia abrerai'' Naumann & Peigler, 2001 *''Samia canningi'' (Hutton, 1859) *'' Samia ceramensis'' (Bouvier, 1927) *''Samia cynthia ''Samia cynthia'', the ailanthus silkmoth, is a saturniid moth, used to produce silk fabric but not as domesticated as the silkworm, ''Bombyx mori''. The moth has very large wings of , with a quarter-moon shaped spot on both the upper and lower ...'' (Drury, 1773) *'' Samia fulva'' Jordan, 1911 *'' Samia insularis'' (Snellen von Vollenhoven, 1862) *'' Samia kohlli'' Naumann & Peigler, 2001 *'' Samia luzonica'' (Watson, 1914) *'' Samia naessigi'' Naumann & Peigler, 2001 *'' Samia naumanni'' U. Paukstadt, Peigler & L. Paukstadt, 1998 *'' Samia peigleri'' Naumann & Naessig, 1995 *'' Samia pryeri'' (Butler, 1878) *'' Samia ricini'' (Donovan, 1798) *'' Samia tetrica'' (Rebel, 1924) *'' Samia treadawayi'' Naumann, 1998 *'' Samia vandenbe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antheraea
''Antheraea'' is a moth genus belonging to the family Saturniidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Several species of this genus have caterpillars which produce wild silk of commercial importance. Commonly called "tussar silk", the moths are named tussar moths after the fabric. Taxonomy Species The genus includes these species: * '' Antheraea alleni'' Holloway, 1987 * ''Antheraea alorensis'' U. Paukstadt & L.h. Paukstadt, 2005 * ''Antheraea andamana'' Moore, 1877 * ''Antheraea angustomarginata'' Brechlin & Meister, 2009 * ''Antheraea assamensis'' Helfer, 1837 * ''Antheraea billitonensis'' Moore, 1878 * '' Antheraea broschi'' Naumann, 2001 * '' Antheraea brunei'' Allen & Holloway, 1986 * ''Antheraea castanea'' Jordan, 1910 (= ''A. mezops'') * ''Antheraea celebensis'' Watson, 1915 * ''Antheraea cernyi'' Brechlin, 2002 * ''Antheraea cihangiri'' Naumann & Naessig, 1998 * ''Antheraea cingalesa'' Moore, 1883 * ''Antheraea compta'' Rothschild, 1899 * ''Antheraea cordif ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
