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Scolymia Australis
''Scolymia'', commonly called scoly coral, is a genus of large-polyp stony corals (Scleractinia). These animals are believed date back to the Miocene with three extant species present in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.Logan. (1988). Budding and Fusion in the Scleractinian Coral Scolymia Cubensis (Milne Edwards and Haime) from Bermuda. ''Bulletin of Marine Science'', ''42''(1), 145–149.Coni, E.O.C., Ferreira, C.M., Meirelles, P.M. ''et al.'' Modeling abundance, growth, and health of the solitary coral ''Scolymia wellsi'' (Mussidae) in turbid SW Atlantic coral reefs. ''Mar Biol'' 164, 66 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3090-4 Description Unlike most other Scleractinia, ''Scolymia'' are solitary corals. Polyps can grow up to 10 cm in diameter. Morphology is diverse with both interspecific and intraspecific variation in shape.Wells. (1971). Note on the Scleractinian Corals Scolymia Lacera and S. Cubensis in Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science, 21(4), 960–963. Polyps may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scleractinia
Scleractinia, also called stony corals or hard corals, are marine animals in the phylum Cnidaria that build themselves a hard skeleton. The individual animals are known as polyp (zoology), polyps and have a cylindrical body crowned by an oral disc in which a mouth is fringed with tentacles. Although some species are solitary, most are Colony (biology), colonial. The founding polyp settles and starts to secrete calcium carbonate to protect its soft body. Solitary corals can be as much as across but in colonial species the polyps are usually only a few millimetres in diameter. These polyps reproduce asexually by budding, but remain attached to each other, forming a multi-polyp colony of cloning, clones with a common skeleton, which may be up to several metres in diameter or height according to species. The shape and appearance of each coral colony depends not only on the species, but also on its location, depth, the amount of water movement and other factors. Many shallow-water co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Climate Change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous changes, and is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices increase greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane. Greenhouse gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight. Larger amounts of these gases trap more heat in Earth's lower atmosphere, causing global warming. Due to climate change, deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Increased warming in the Arctic has contributed to melting permafrost, glacial retreat and sea ice loss. Higher temperatures are also causing m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lobophyllia Vitiensis
''Lobophyllia'', commonly called lobed brain coral or lobo coral, is a genus of large polyp stony corals. Members of this genus are sometimes found in reef aquariums. Species This genus includes the following species: * '' Lobophyllia agaricia'' (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849) * '' Lobophyllia corymbosa'' (Forskal, 1775) * '' Lobophyllia costata'' (Dana, 1846) * ''Lobophyllia dentata'' Veron, 2000 * '' Lobophyllia diminuta'' Veron, 1985 * '' Lobophyllia erythraea'' (Klunzinger, 1879) * '' Lobophyllia flabelliformis'' Veron, 2002 * '' Lobophyllia grandis'' Latypov, 2006 * '' Lobophyllia hassi'' (Pillai & Scheer, 1976) * ''Lobophyllia hataii'' Yabe, Sugiyama & Eguchi, 1936 * ''Lobophyllia hemprichii ''Lobophyllia hemprichii'', commonly called lobed brain coral, lobed cactus coral or largebrain root coral, is a species of large polyp stony coral in the family Lobophylliidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. In its specific name Christia ...'' (Ehrenberg, 1834) * '' Lobophyll ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homophyllia Australis
''Homophyllia'' is a genus of stony corals in the family Lobophylliidae Lobophylliidae is a family of large polyp stony corals. The family was created in 2009 after a revision of the "robust" families of Faviidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae and Pectiniidae, which had been shown to be polyphyletic. The family Lobophylliida .... Species The World Register of Marine Species currently lists the following species: * '' Homophyllia australis'' (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) * '' Homophyllia bowerbanki'' (Milne Edwards, 1857) References Lobophylliidae Scleractinia genera {{Scleractinia-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basionym
In the scientific name of organisms, basionym or basyonym means the original name on which a new name is based; the author citation of the new name should include the authors of the basionym in parentheses. The term "basionym" is used in both botany and zoology. In zoology, alternate terms such as original combination or protonym are sometimes used instead. Bacteriology uses a similar term, basonym, spelled without an ''i''. Although "basionym" and "protonym" are often used interchangeably, they have slightly different technical definitions. A basionym is the ''correct'' spelling of the original name (according to the applicable nomenclature rules), while a protonym is the ''original'' spelling of the original name. These are typically the same, but in rare cases may differ. Use in botany The term "basionym" is used in botany only for the circumstances where a previous name exists with a useful description, and the '' International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cynarina Lacrymalis
''Cynarina lacrymalis'' is a species of stony coral in the family Lobophylliidae. It is variously known as the flat cup coral, solitary cup coral, button coral, doughnut coral, or cat's eye coral. It is found in the western Indo-Pacific Ocean and is sometimes kept in reef aquaria. Description ''Cynarina lacrymalis'' is a large, solitary coral with a single polyp nestling in a corallite, the stony cup it has secreted. It can grow to a diameter of . It is cylindrical with a round or oval upper surface. It is usually fixed to rock but has a pointed base and can be embedded in sand or survive unattached. There are about twenty broad white radially arranged septa (ridges) joined to the corallite wall, with secondary septa between. They have large, rounded lobes and the central axial structure (columella) in the corallite is short and broad. The septa can be seen through the transparent, fleshy mantle which contains symbiotic flagellates known as zooxanthellae which give the coral it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scolymia Wellsii
''Scolymia'', commonly called scoly coral, is a genus of large-polyp stony corals (Scleractinia). These animals are believed date back to the Miocene with three extant species present in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.Logan. (1988). Budding and Fusion in the Scleractinian Coral Scolymia Cubensis (Milne Edwards and Haime) from Bermuda. ''Bulletin of Marine Science'', ''42''(1), 145–149.Coni, E.O.C., Ferreira, C.M., Meirelles, P.M. ''et al.'' Modeling abundance, growth, and health of the solitary coral ''Scolymia wellsi'' (Mussidae) in turbid SW Atlantic coral reefs. ''Mar Biol'' 164, 66 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3090-4 Description Unlike most other Scleractinia, ''Scolymia'' are solitary corals. Polyps can grow up to 10 cm in diameter. Morphology is diverse with both interspecific and intraspecific variation in shape.Wells. (1971). Note on the Scleractinian Corals Scolymia Lacera and S. Cubensis in Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science, 21(4), 960–963. Polyps may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immune Recognition
The immune system is a network of biological processes that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, as well as cancer cells and objects such as wood splinters, distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy tissue. Many species have two major subsystems of the immune system. The innate immune system provides a preconfigured response to broad groups of situations and stimuli. The adaptive immune system provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered. Both use molecules and cells to perform their functions. Nearly all organisms have some kind of immune system. Bacteria have a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against virus infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient plants and animals and remain in their modern descendants. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Broadcast Spawning
Spawn is the Egg cell, eggs and Spermatozoa, sperm released or deposited into water by aquatic animals. As a verb, ''to spawn'' refers to the process of releasing the eggs and sperm, and the act of both sexes is called spawning. Most aquatic animals, except for aquatic mammals and marine reptile, reptiles, reproduce through the process of spawning. Spawn consists of the reproductive cells (gametes) of many aquatic animals, some of which will become fertilized and produce offspring. The process of spawning typically involves females releasing Ovum, ova (unfertilized eggs) into the water, often in large quantities, while males simultaneously or sequentially release spermatozoa (milt) to fertilize the eggs. Most fish reproduce by spawning, as do most other aquatic animals, including crustaceans such as crabs and shrimps, molluscs such as oysters and squid, echinoderms such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, amphibians such as frogs and newts, aquatic insects such as mayflies and mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coral Bleaching
Coral bleaching is the process when corals become white due to various stressors, such as changes in temperature, light, or nutrients. Bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel the zooxanthellae (dinoflagellates that are commonly referred to as algae) that live inside their tissue, causing the coral to turn white. The zooxanthellae are photosynthetic, and as the water temperature rises, they begin to produce reactive oxygen species. This is toxic to the coral, so the coral expels the zooxanthellae. Since the zooxanthellae produce the majority of coral colouration, the coral tissue becomes transparent, revealing the coral skeleton made of calcium carbonate. Most bleached corals appear bright white, but some are blue, yellow, or pink due to pigment proteins in the coral. The leading cause of coral bleaching is rising ocean temperature due to climate change. A temperature about 1 °C (or 2 °F) above average can cause bleaching. According to the United Nations Environment Pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scolymia Lacera
''Scolymia lacera'', the fleshy disk coral, is a species of stony coral in the family Mussidae. It occurs on reefs in shallow waters in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the Bahamas, Bermuda and southern Florida. Description ''Scolymia lacera'' is a coral with a single, solitary polyp and does not increase in size by budding as do colonial species of coral. It is a small species with a diameter of up to . The radially-running ridges in the stony cup which it secretes can be seen through the fleshy body of the polyp. Its colour is variable and is usually some shade of greenish-brown. ''Scolymia lacera'' is very similar in appearance to ''Scolimia cubensis'' which occupies much the same range. The differences are mostly in the layout of the septa, the miniature ridges in the calcareous calyces in which the polyps sit. ''S. lacera'' tends to occupy better lit positions while ''S. cubensis'' is in less well lit locations. Where the two come in contact, ''S. lacera'' is more agg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reef Aquarium
A reef aquarium or reef tank is a marine aquarium that prominently displays live corals and other marine invertebrates as well as fish that play a role in maintaining the tropical coral reef environment. A reef aquarium requires appropriately intense lighting, turbulent water movement, and more stable water chemistry than fish-only marine aquaria, and careful consideration is given to which reef animals are appropriate and compatible with each other. Components Reef aquariums consist of a number of components, in addition to the livestock, including: *Display tank: The primary tank in which the livestock are kept and shown. *Stand: A stand allows for placement of the display tank at eye level and provides space for storage of the accessory components. *Sump: An accessory tank in which mechanical equipment is kept. A remote sump allows for a clutter-free display tank. *Refugium: An accessory tank dedicated to the cultivation of beneficial macroalgae and microflora/fauna. The re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
