Saint Eloy's Mines

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	Saint Eloy's Mines The mines of Saint-Éloy-les-Mines are coal and silver-lead mines located in the town of Saint-Éloy-les-Mines, France and environs. They were constructed in the 18th century during the beginning of industrialization in Combraille, which included: * the glass industry at Montel-de-Gelat; * the coal mines of Vernade (Saint-Éloy) and The Peize (Gutters) * the silver-lead of mines Roignon ( Youx) and Mas Boutin (Saint Eloy). Eighteenth-century France saw the beginnings of industrialization across the entire kingdom. It was also a time when landowners, especially noblemen, were trying to apply physiocratic ideas to change their way of cultivating the soil and making crop rotations by introducing, for example, the cultivation of potatoes and artificial grasslands. Other nobles and wealthy citizens were also trying, sometimes unsuccessfully, to develop new industries, such as farm ores. Some entrepreneurs foresaw the changes that were going to evolve in the 19th century and worked to ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years. Vast deposits of coal originate in former wetlands called coal forests that covered much of the Earth's tropical land areas during the late Carboniferous ( Pennsylvanian) and Permian times. Many significant coal deposits are younger than this and originate from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Coal is used primarily as a fuel. While coal has been known and used for thousands of years, its usage was limited until the Industrial Revolution. With the invention of the steam engine, coal consumption increased. In 2020, coal supplied about a quarter of the world's primary energy and over a third of its electricity. Some iron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Lime Kiln A lime kiln is a kiln used for the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate) to produce the form of lime (material), lime called quicklime (calcium oxide). The chemical equation for this chemical reaction, reaction is :Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 + heat → Calcium oxide, CaO + Carbon dioxide, CO2 This reaction can take place at anywhere above 840 °C (1544 °F), but is generally considered to occur at 900 °C(1655 °F) (at which temperature the partial pressure of CO2 is 1 atmosphere (unit), atmosphere), but a temperature around 1000 °C (1832 °F) (at which temperature the partial pressure of CO2 is 3.8 atmospheres) is usually used to make the reaction proceed quickly.Parkes, G.D. and Mellor, J.W. (1939). ''Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry'' London: Longmans, Green and Co. Excessive temperature is avoided because it produces unreactive, "dead-burned" lime. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) can be formed by mixing quicklime with water. Early li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as '' Londinium'' and retains its medieval boundaries.See also: Independent city § National capitals The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which largely comprises Greater London, governed by the Greater London Authority.The Greater London Authority consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The London Mayor is distinguished fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Socialism Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the economic, political and social theories and movements associated with the implementation of such systems. Social ownership can be state/public, community, collective, cooperative, or employee. While no single definition encapsulates the many types of socialism, social ownership is the one common element. Different types of socialism vary based on the role of markets and planning in resource allocation, on the structure of management in organizations, and from below or from above approaches, with some socialists favouring a party, state, or technocratic-driven approach. Socialists disagree on whether government, particularly existing government, is the correct vehicle for change. Socialist systems are divided into non-market and market f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Germinal (novel) ''Germinal'' is the thirteenth novel in Émile Zola's twenty-volume series ''Les Rougon-Macquart''. Often considered Zola's masterpiece and one of the most significant novels in the French tradition, the novel – an uncompromisingly harsh and realistic story of a coalminers' strike in northern France in the 1860s – has been published and translated in over one hundred countries. It has also inspired five film adaptations and two television productions. ''Germinal'' was written between April 1884 and January 1885. It was first serialized between November 1884 and February 1885 in the periodical ''Gil Blas'', then in March 1885 published as a book. The title () refers to the name of a month of the French Republican Calendar, a spring month. ''Germen'' is a Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around prese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Émile Zola Émile Édouard Charles Antoine Zola (, also , ; 2 April 184029 September 1902) was a French novelist, journalist, playwright, the best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. He was a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which is encapsulated in his renowned newspaper opinion headlined ''J'Accuse…!'' Zola was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901 and 1902. Early life Zola was born in Paris in 1840 to François Zola (originally Francesco Zolla) and Émilie Aubert. His father was an Italian engineer with some Greek ancestry, who was born in Venice in 1795, and engineered the Zola Dam in Aix-en-Provence; his mother was French. The family moved to Aix-en-Provence in the southeast when Émile was three years old. Four years later, in 1847, his father die ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Société Des Forges De Châtillon-Commentry-Neuves-Maisons The Compagnie anonyme de Châtillon et Commentry was a French steelmaking company, formed as a limited company in 1862 from the Société Bouguéret, Martenot et Cie., a creation from the combination of several French iron makers in 1846. In 1898 the company merged with the Société métallurgique de Champigneulles et Neuves-Maisons to form the Société des forges de Châtillon-Commentry-Neuves-Maisons. In 1979 the works became part of Usinor, forming part of the Unimetal division in 1984. By 2000 the plant in Neuves-Maisons had become part of the Riva Group and as of 2011 produces mainly long products including rebar from scrap metal using electric arc furnaces. History Compagnie anonyme de Châtillon et Commentry Metal working in the Châtillonais region dated back to the Iron Age, with a ready supply of wood from the region's forests, and near surface deposits of iron ore the area became one of the major production centres of iron in France in the 19th century, the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Menat, Puy-de-Dôme Menat () is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France. It is in the heart of the valley of Sioule. Its neighboring municipalities are Saint-Éloy-les-Mines, Youx, Moureuille, Servant, Pouzol, Neuf-Église, Ayat-sur-Sioule, and Saint-Rémy-de-Blot. Locations The Menat Abbey ( fr) is an abbey in the village of Menat. It is one of the oldest monastic foundations in Auvergne. The Pont de Menat ( fr) is a medieval bridge connecting Menat to adjacent Saint-Rémy-de-Blot. Gastronomy The pâté aux pommes de terre and, the "pain des Combrailles" are specialties of the region. Fossils Menat is the site of a lagerstätte dating to 56 million years ago. Many fossils have been discovered extracted from the shales. A dedicated museum was inaugurated in 1980 and housed in the former abbey castle (now town hall). Paleocene bird fossils have been discovered in Menat, including Halcyornithidae, Messelasturidae, and relatives of Songziidae. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Châteauneuf-les-Bains Châteauneuf-les-Bains () is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.Commune de Châteauneuf-les-Bains (63100) INSEE See also * Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department The following is a list of the 464 Communes of France, communes of the Puy-de-Dôme Departments of France, department of France. Intercommunalities The communes cooperate in the following Communes of France#Intercommunality, intercommunalities ... References [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Cèpe Stream ''Boletus edulis'' (English: cep, penny bun, porcino or porcini) is a basidiomycete fungus, and the type species of the genus '' Boletus''. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere across Europe, Asia, and North America, it does not occur naturally in the Southern Hemisphere, although it has been introduced to southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Brazil. Several closely related European mushrooms formerly thought to be varieties or forms of ''B. edulis'' have been shown using molecular phylogenetic analysis to be distinct species, and others previously classed as separate species are conspecific with this species. The western North American species commonly known as the California king bolete (''Boletus edulis'' var. ''grandedulis'') is a large, darker-coloured variant first formally identified in 2007. The fungus grows in deciduous and coniferous forests and tree plantations, forming symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations with living trees by envel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Sioule The Sioule (; oc, Siula) is a long river in central France, a left tributary of the river Allier. Its source is near the village of Orcival, north of Mont-Dore, in the Massif Central. The Sioule has cut a deep gorge, especially in its upper course. The Sioule flows generally northeast through the following departments and towns: * Puy-de-Dôme: Pontgibaud * Allier: Ébreuil, Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule The Sioule flows into the river Allier at La Ferté-Hauterive, 10 km (6 mi) north of Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule. Its main tributaries are the Sioulet and the Bouble. The Fades viaduct The Fades Viaduct (french: Viaduc des Fades) is a railway viaduct in the Puy-de-Dôme department, central France. At the time of its inauguration on 10 October 1909, it was the tallest bridge in the world, across all categories. As of 2010 it stil ..., the tallest railway bridge in France, is located on the Sioule. References Rivers of France Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Lachamp Lachamp (; oc, La Chalm) is a former commune in the Lozère department in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Lachamp-Ribennes.Arrêté préfectoral 28 September 2018, p. 135 Geography The Colagne forms part of the commune's western border. See also * Communes of the Lozère department The following is a list of the 152 communes of the Lozère department of France France (), officially the French Rep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]