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RÃo Cruces
The Cruces River ( es, RÃo Cruces) is a river in south-central Chile. RÃo Cruces originates from hills near the Villarica volcano and flows then in south-west direction. The southern and final part of the river flows in a south-south-west direction following the eastern flank of Cordillera de Oncol. At the latitude of the city of Valdivia it is crossed by RÃo Cruces Bridge next to its outflow into Valdivia River. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake caused c. 2 m of subsidence around Valdivia. As a result of this, a large area of former pastures and cultivated fields around the lower course of Cruces River was permanently flooded.Ramirez, C., E. Carrasco, S. Mariani & N. Palacios. 2006. La desaparición del luchecillo (Egeria densa) del Santuario del Rio Cruces (Valdivia, Chile): una hipótesis plausible. Ciencia & Trabajo, 20: 79-86 Over the years the new wetlands were colonized chiefly by ''Egeria densa'' ( es, luchecillo). ''Egeria densa'' and other aquatic plants created a rich ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Punucapa
Punucapa (from Mapudungun ''Cunucapi'', black/fertile earth for legumes) is a hamlet ( es, caserÃo) of pre-Hispanic origin in Los RÃos Region, Chile. Its isolated location by the Cruces River and the Valdivian Coastal Range has made the village an ecotourism attraction. The wetlands of the river is the home to thousands of birds; the black-necked swan is the most emblematic. In 2017 Punucapa had a population of 119 inhabitants up from 75 in 2002. Apart from ecotourism, Punucapa is also known for its old tradition of chicha beverage that started with the first apple An apple is an edible fruit produced by an apple tree (''Malus domestica''). Apple fruit tree, trees are agriculture, cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus ''Malus''. The tree originated in Central Asia, wh ...trees introduced by the Spanish. There is also a brewery run by the Chilean actor Andrés Waas. Close to the hamlet lives the Spanish writer Pablo Gonz. Notes H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary
RÃo Cruces Chorocamayo Nature Sanctuary (Spanish: Santuario de la naturaleza Carlos Anwandter) is protected wetland in Cruces River about north of Valdivia, Chile. The sanctuary is named after the German politician Carlos Anwandter who settled in Valdivia during the 1850s. The wetlands in the sanctuary are inhabited by many bird species including Black-necked Swans. This sanctuary provides a home for many native waterbird species to flourish, and contains roughly 119 species of birds alone. Despite being a nature sanctuary for the country of Chile under the National Monuments Act, it wasn't internationally recognized for its cultural and natural value until the Ramsar Wetlands Convention of 1971. Pollution controversy The conservation effort promoted collaboration between Chile (CONAF) and Mexico (CONANP) for protecting the wetlands. The River Cruces and Chorocamayo Nature Sanctuary Management Plan was instated in 2016 by CONAF with financing help from the Ramsar Convention. In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Rivers Of Chile
This list of rivers of Chile includes all the major rivers of Chile. See each article for their tributaries, drainage areas, etc. Usually significant tributaries appear in this list, under the river into which they drain. Rivers by name Following lists show the information of GeoNames ordered by names: * List of rivers of Chile (A–C) * List of rivers of Chile (D–O) * List of rivers of Chile (P–Z) Rivers by region The lists of rivers by region are: * List of rivers of the Arica y Parinacota Region (approximately 34 rivers) * List of rivers of the Tarapacá Region (approximately 44 rivers) * List of rivers of the Antofagasta Region (approximately 41 rivers) * List of rivers of the Atacama Region (approximately 61 rivers) * List of rivers of the Coquimbo Region (approximately 121 rivers) * List of rivers of the ValparaÃso Region (approximately 174 rivers) * List of rivers of the Santiago Metropolitan Region (approximately 211 rivers) * List of rivers of the O'Higgins Regi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ultisol
Ultisols, commonly known as red clay soils, are one of twelve soil orders in the United States Department of Agriculture soil taxonomy. The word "Ultisol" is derived from "ultimate", because Ultisols were seen as the ultimate product of continuous weathering of minerals in a humid, temperate climate without new soil formation via glaciation. They are defined as mineral soils which contain no calcareous ( calcium carbonate containing) material anywhere within the soil, have less than 10% weatherable minerals in the extreme top layer of soil, and have less than 35% base saturation throughout the soil. Ultisols occur in humid temperate or tropical regions. While the term is usually applied to the red clay soils of the Southern United States, Ultisols are also found in regions of Africa, Asia, and South America. In the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB), most Ultisols are known as Acrisols and Alisols. Some belong to the Retisols or to the Nitisols. Aquults are typically ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trumao
Trumao is the name of a soil of the Andosol order found in southern and central Chile. Trumaos are formed from young volcanic ash, by volcanic ash redeposited by aeolian processes or by volcanic ash mobilized as alluvium. Trumaos are characterized by containing the following minerals: allophane, imogolite plus a series of paracrystalline and non-crystalline clays. These soils have high porosity and low bulk density. A more dry and a more humid variety of trumaos exists. The dry variety is known simply as trumao while the humid variety is known as trumao húmedo. In terms of latitude trumaos can be found in the Andes from 33° S to 43° S, in the Central Valley from 38° S to 43° S and in the eastern slopes of the Chilean Coast Range from 39° S to 43° S. See also *Andean Volcanic Belt *Ñadi 300px, The archaeological site of Monte Verde is in a zone of ñadi soils. Ñadi is a type of soil and a phytogeographic zone of Southern Chile. Ñadi soils are located in the Chilean Ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soil
Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Some scientific definitions distinguish ''dirt'' from ''soil'' by restricting the former term specifically to displaced soil. Soil consists of a solid phase of minerals and organic matter (the soil matrix), as well as a porous phase that holds gases (the soil atmosphere) and water (the soil solution). Accordingly, soil is a three-state system of solids, liquids, and gases. Soil is a product of several factors: the influence of climate, relief (elevation, orientation, and slope of terrain), organisms, and the soil's parent materials (original minerals) interacting over time. It continually undergoes development by way of numerous physical, chemical and biological processes, which include weathering with associated erosion. Given its complexity and strong internal connectedness, soil ecologists regard soil as an ecosystem. Most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Climate Change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous changes, and is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices increase greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane. Greenhouse gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight. Larger amounts of these gases trap more heat in Earth's lower atmosphere, causing global warming. Due to climate change, deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more common. Increased warming in the Arctic has contributed to melting permafrost, glacial retreat and sea ice loss. Higher temperatures are also causing m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radio BÃo-BÃo
Radio BÃo-BÃo is a Chilean radio station with broad coverage in Chile. It covers news, sports, music, economics, and international relations. The station was founded in 1966 in Concepción. In the 1990s it began to expand across the country. The first additional stations were in southern Chile in Temuco, Osorno and Puerto Montt, and Santiago in 1997. One of the main stations is operated in Lonquimay in the Cordillera of the Andes in the AraucanÃa Region. This station, BÃo BÃo Lonquimay, was established in 1995 in an isolated area and provides radio service for a mainly indigenous community. Today, Radio Bio-Bio operates on 40 frequencies around the country, with 8 autonomous stations nationwide. It is the only completely independent station, not affiliated with any political, religious, or economic groups. In July 2020 Eugenio González sued Radio BÃo BÃo commentator Tomás Mosciatti Tomás Mosciatti is a Chilean radio host and political commentator of Radio BÃo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calle-Calle River
Calle-Calle River, also called Gudalafquén in Mapuche language, is a river in Valdivia Province, southern Chile. It drains waters from the San Pedro River to the Valdivia River, which in turn flows into Corral Bay on the Pacific Ocean. The River owes its current name to the Mapuche word for the flower '' Libertia chilensis''. The Calle-Calle is among the few rivers in Chile that are considered navigable. The Calle-Calle and Santa Elvira bridges crosses the river in the city of Valdivia Valdivia (; Mapuche: Ainil) is a city and commune in southern Chile, administered by the Municipality of Valdivia. The city is named after its founder Pedro de Valdivia and is located at the confluence of the Calle-Calle, Valdivia, and Cau-Cau R .... The city of Valdivia obtains most of its water supply from Calle-Calle River near Cuesta Soto. Decreasing precipitation has caused the river to be contaminated with saline water from the coast. The effects of saline water entering the water su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Celulosa Arauco Y Constitución
Celulosa Arauco y Constitución (also called CELCO or ARAUCO) is a Chilean wood pulp Pulp is a lignocellulosic fibrous material prepared by chemically or mechanically separating cellulose fibers from wood, fiber crops, waste paper, or rags. Mixed with water and other chemical or plant-based additives, pulp is the major raw mate ..., engineered wood and forestry company controlled by Anacleto Angelini's economic group; Empresas Empresas Copec, Copec. In 2006 CELCO/ARAUCO had five pulp mills in Chile and one in Argentina. Apart from pulp mills, CELCO/ARAUCO has 4 engineered wood manufacturing plants in Chile, 2 in Argentina and 2 in Brazil. The company was founded in September 1979 as result of the fusion of Celulosa Arauco S.A. (1967) and Celulosa Constitución S.A. (1969). Both companies had been privatized during the Chile under Pinochet, Pinochet Era from CORFO in 1977 and 1979 respectively. Investments In May 2009 Arauco and the Finnish company Stora Enso announced a â ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Environmental Conflict
Environmental conflicts or ecological distribution conflicts (EDCs) are social conflicts caused by environmental degradation or by unequal distribution of environmental resources.Libiszewski, Stephan.What is an Environmental Conflict." ''Journal of Peace Research'' 28.4 (1991): 407-422. The Environmental Justice Atlas documented 3,100 environmental conflicts worldwide as of April 2020 and emphasised that many more conflicts remained undocumented. Parties involved in these conflicts include locally affected communities, states, companies and investors, and social or environmental movements; typically environmental defenders are protecting their homelands from resource extraction or hazardous waste disposal. Such activities create resource scarcities (such as by overfishing or deforestation), pollute the environment, and degrade the living space for humans and nature, resulting in conflict. Frequently environmental conflicts focus on environmental justice issues, the rights of ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecology And Society
''Ecology and Society'' (formerly ''Conservation Ecology'') is a quarterly open access interdisciplinary academic journal published by the Resilience Alliance. It covers an array of disciplines from the natural sciences, social sciences, and the humanities concerned with the relationship between society and the life-supporting ecosystems on which human well-being ultimately depends. The journal's editors-in-chief are Marco Janssen (Arizona State University) and Lance Gunderson (Emory University). C. S. Holling was the founding editor. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2020 impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as i ... of 4.403. Notable articles As of June 2019, the three most cited articles were: * BH Walker, C.S. Holling, S.R. Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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