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Reserve Bank Of New Zealand
The Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ, mi, Te Pūtea Matua) is the central bank of New Zealand. It was established in 1934 and is currently constituted under the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 2021. The governor of the Reserve Bank, currently Adrian Orr, is responsible for New Zealand's currency and operating monetary policy. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand does not offer financial services to the public nor does it offer deposit insurance, and its website refers people to other financial institutions. History The Reserve Bank of New Zealand was established from 1 August 1934 by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1933. The Reserve Bank first issued banknotes in 1934, see New Zealand pound. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1989 which came into effect in February 1990 introduce the regime of inflation targeting to the bank. New Zealand was the first country in the world to try this regime which was later adopted in other countries. The bank's primary functions and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Ownership
State ownership, also called government ownership and public ownership, is the ownership of an industry, asset, or enterprise by the state or a public body representing a community, as opposed to an individual or private party. Public ownership specifically refers to industries selling goods and services to consumers and differs from public goods and government services financed out of a government's general budget. Public ownership can take place at the national, regional, local, or municipal levels of government; or can refer to non-governmental public ownership vested in autonomous public enterprises. Public ownership is one of the three major forms of property ownership, differentiated from private, collective/cooperative, and common ownership. In market-based economies, state-owned assets are often managed and operated as joint-stock corporations with a government owning all or a controlling stake of the company's shares. This form is often referred to as a state-owne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Tender
Legal tender is a form of money that courts of law are required to recognize as satisfactory payment for any monetary debt. Each jurisdiction determines what is legal tender, but essentially it is anything which when offered ("tendered") in payment of a debt extinguishes the debt. There is no obligation on the creditor to accept the tendered payment, but the act of tendering the payment in legal tender discharges the debt. Some jurisdictions allow contract law to overrule the status of legal tender, allowing (for example) merchants to specify that they will not accept cash payments. Coins and banknotes are usually defined as legal tender in many countries, but personal cheques, credit cards, and similar non-cash methods of payment are usually not. Some jurisdictions may include a specific foreign currency as legal tender, at times as its exclusive legal tender or concurrently with its domestic currency. Some jurisdictions may forbid or restrict payment made by other than legal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graeme Wheeler
Graeme Paul Wheeler (born 30 October 1951) is a former Governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand from 2012 to September 2017. He succeeded Alan Bollard in this role on 26 September 2012 and was succeeded by Grant Spencer. Professional career Educated at the University of Auckland, Wheeler began working at the New Zealand Treasury in 1973 as an adviser. From 1984 to 1990 he was economic and financial councillor for the New Zealand delegation to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, eventually becoming director of macroeconomic policy at the New Zealand Treasury in 1990. In 1997, he went to work for the World Bank Group, firstly as director of the Financial Products and Services Department. From 2001 to 2006 he was Treasurer and Vice-President of the World Bank. From 2006 to 2010 he was managing director of operations at the World Bank overseeing 12,000 staff and a US$1.7 billion budget. In 2010, Wheeler left the World Bank to start his own firm, advising ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alan Bollard
Alan Esmond Bollard (born 5 June 1951) is a New Zealand economist. He currently serves as the as chair of the New Zealand Infrastructure Commission. He previously served as the Executive Director of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat for the period of 2013–2018, and as the Governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand for the period of 2002–2012. Early life Bollard was born in Auckland on 5 June 1951. His parents were Constance Mary () and Ted Bollard. He attended Owairaka Primary School, Wesley Intermediate School, and Mount Albert Grammar School. He gained a PhD in economics from the University of Auckland in 1977, and was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) by the same university in 2007. Career Bollard headed the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research from 1987–1994 and the Commerce Commission from 1994–1998. He subsequently spent four years as secretary to the Treasury, from 1998–2002. He subsequently served as the Governor of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Don Brash
Donald Thomas Brash (born 24 September 1940) is a former New Zealand politician who was Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the New Zealand National Party from October 2003 to November 2006, and the Leader of ACT New Zealand from April to November 2011. In 1988, Brash became Governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, a position which he held for the next fourteen years. In April 2002, before the general election on 27 July, Brash resigned from his position to stand as a list MP for the National Party. He was elected, despite significant losses for National in that election. He challenged Bill English for leadership of the National Party, being elected Leader on 28 October 2003. On 27 January 2004, Brash delivered his controversial Orewa Speech, expressing opposition to perceived Māori separatism, through New Zealand's equitable measures designed to benefit them. At the 17 September 2005 general election, National under Brash's leadership made major gains and achieved w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spencer Russell
Spencer may refer to: People *Spencer (surname) **Spencer family, British aristocratic family **List of people with surname Spencer *Spencer (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name) Places Australia *Spencer, New South Wales, on the Central Coast *Spencer Gulf, one of two inlets on the South Australian coast United States *Spencer, Idaho *Spencer, Indiana *Spencer, Iowa *Spencer, Massachusetts **Spencer (CDP), Massachusetts *Spencer, Missouri *Spencer, Nebraska *Spencer, New York **Spencer (village), New York *Spencer, North Carolina *Spencer, Ohio *Spencer, Oklahoma *Spencer, South Dakota *Spencer, Tennessee *Spencer, Virginia *Spencer, West Virginia *Spencer, Wisconsin **Spencer (town), Wisconsin *Spencer County, Indiana *Spencer County, Kentucky Ireland *Spencer Dock, North Wall, Dublin Arts and entertainment Fictional characters *Spencer, character in ''Beyblade'' *Spencer, character from ''Final Fantasy Mystic Quest'' * Spencer family (''Gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dick L
Dick, Dicks, or Dick's may refer to: Media * ''Dicks'' (album), a 2004 album by Fila Brazillia * Dicks (band), a musical group * ''Dick'' (film), a 1999 American comedy film * "Dick" (song), a 2019 song by Starboi3 featuring Doja Cat Names * Dick (nickname), an index of people nicknamed Dick * Dick (surname) * Dicks (surname) * Dick, a diminutive for Richard * Dicks (writer) (1823–1891), a pen name of Edmond de la Fontaine of Luxembourg * Dicks., botanical author abbreviation for James Dickson (1738–1822) Places * Dicks Butte, a mountain in California * Dick's Drive-In, a Seattle, Washington-based fast food chain * Dick's Sporting Goods, a major sporting goods retailer in the United States * Dick's Sporting Goods Park, a soccer stadium in Denver, Colorado Other uses * Dick (slang), a dysphemism for the penis as well as a pejorative epithet * Detective, in early 20th century or 19th century English * Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran), or DIC(K), a political part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raymond W
Raymond is a male given name. It was borrowed into English from French (older French spellings were Reimund and Raimund, whereas the modern English and French spellings are identical). It originated as the Germanic ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᛗᚢᚾᛞ (''Raginmund'') or ᚱᛖᚷᛁᚾᛗᚢᚾᛞ (''Reginmund''). ''Ragin'' (Gothic) and ''regin'' (Old German) meant "counsel". The Old High German ''mund'' originally meant "hand", but came to mean "protection". This etymology suggests that the name originated in the Early Middle Ages, possibly from Latin. Alternatively, the name can also be derived from Germanic Hraidmund, the first element being ''Hraid'', possibly meaning "fame" (compare ''Hrod'', found in names such as Robert, Roderick, Rudolph, Roland, Rodney and Roger) and ''mund'' meaning "protector". Despite the German and French origins of the English name, some of its early uses in English documents appear in Latinized form. As a surname, its first recorded appearance in Bri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alan Low
Sir Alan Roberts Low (11 January 1916 – 18 April 1999) was a New Zealand economist. He was the fifth governor of the Reserve Bank. Early life Low was born in Blenheim in 1916, the son of Benjamin Low. His father became headmaster of Timaru Main School and Alan Low attended there before going to Timaru Boys' High School. He then attended the University of Canterbury (1934–1937) and graduated with a Master of Arts (honours) in economics. Low served in WWII from 1942 to 1944, and belonged to the 24th Field Ambulance of the 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force. Professional career Low joined the Reserve Bank in 1938. He became assistant economist in 1949, economic adviser in 1951, assistant governor in 1960, and deputy governor (under Gilbert Wilson) in 1962. Low was Governor of the Reserve Bank from 21 July 1967 to 11 February 1977. Low was a member of various New Zealand delegations to international conferences, including Havana (Cuba, 1947/48), Annecy (France, 1949), London ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gilbert Wilson (banker)
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Gilbert Wilson may refer to: * Gilbert Livingston Wilson (1869–1930), ethnographer and Presbyterian minister *Gilbert Brown Wilson (1907–1991), American painter and muralist *Gilbert Wilson (bishop) (1918–1999), Bishop of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh, 1981–1993 * Gilbert "Whip" Wilson (born 1947), member of the New Jersey General Assembly * Gilbert Wilson (banker), Governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, 1962–1967 * Gilbert Wilson (geologist), recipient of the 1968 Murchison Medal The Murchison Medal is an academic award established by Roderick Murchison, who died in 1871. First awarded in 1873, it is normally given to people who have made a significant contribution to geology by means of a substantial body of research and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Coldham Fussell
Edward is an English given name. It is derived from the Anglo-Saxon name ''Ēadweard'', composed of the elements '' ēad'' "wealth, fortune; prosperous" and '' weard'' "guardian, protector”. History The name Edward was very popular in Anglo-Saxon England, but the rule of the Norman and Plantagenet dynasties had effectively ended its use amongst the upper classes. The popularity of the name was revived when Henry III named his firstborn son, the future Edward I, as part of his efforts to promote a cult around Edward the Confessor, for whom Henry had a deep admiration. Variant forms The name has been adopted in the Iberian peninsula since the 15th century, due to Edward, King of Portugal, whose mother was English. The Spanish/Portuguese forms of the name are Eduardo and Duarte. Other variant forms include French Édouard, Italian Edoardo and Odoardo, German, Dutch, Czech and Romanian Eduard and Scandinavian Edvard. Short forms include Ed, Eddy, Eddie, Ted, Teddy and Ned. Peop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Fox Longley Ward
William is a masculine given name of Norman French origin.Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 276. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conquest of England in 1066,All Things William"Meaning & Origin of the Name"/ref> and remained so throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era. It is sometimes abbreviated "Wm." Shortened familiar versions in English include Will, Wills, Willy, Willie, Liam, Bill, and Billy. A common Irish form is Liam. Scottish diminutives include Wull, Willie or Wullie (as in Oor Wullie or the play ''Douglas''). Female forms are Willa, Willemina, Wilma and Wilhelmina. Etymology William is related to the German given name ''Wilhelm''. Both ultimately descend from Proto-Germanic ''*Wiljahelmaz'', with a direct cognate also in the Old Norse name ''Vilhjalmr'' and a West Germanic borrowing into Medieval Latin ''Willelmus''. The Proto-German ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
