Resemblance
Resemblance may refer to: *Similarity (philosophy) *Resemblance nominalism *Family Resemblance (anthropology) *Ludwig Wittgenstein's family resemblances *In text mining, the degree to which two documents resemble each other, calculated using shingles *No Resemblance Whatsoever, a 1995 album by American singer-songwriter Dan Fogelberg and jazz flutist Tim Weisberg *Facial resemblance Facial resemblance has been observed to enhance trustworthiness. As reported by a recent experiment, "resemblance to the subject's own face raised the incidence of trusting a partner". When similarities in appearance are distinguished, trust tends ...

Family Resemblance
Family resemblance (german: Familienähnlichkeit, link=no) is a philosophical idea made popular by Ludwig Wittgenstein, with the best known exposition given in his posthumously published book ''Philosophical Investigations'' (1953). It argues that things which could be thought to be connected by one essential common feature may in fact be connected by a series of overlapping similarities, where no one feature is common to all of the things. Games, which Wittgenstein used as an example to explain the notion, have become the paradigmatic example of a group that is related by family resemblances. It has been suggested that Wittgenstein picked up the idea and the term from Friedrich Nietzsche, who had been using it, as did many nineteenth century philologists, when discussing language families. The first occurrence of the term ''family resemblance'' is found in Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860; ''The World As Will and Representation §§17, 27, 28'') who attributed the term to the sc ...
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Similarity (philosophy)
In philosophy, similarity or resemblance is a relation between objects that constitutes how much these objects are alike. Similarity comes in degrees: e.g. oranges are more similar to apples than to the moon. It is traditionally seen as an Relations (philosophy)#Internal and external relations, internal relation and analyzed in terms of shared Properties (philosophy), properties: two things are similar because they have a property in common. The more properties they share, the more similar they are. They resemble each other exactly if they share all their properties. So an orange is similar to the moon because they both share the property of being round, but it is even more similar to an apple because additionally, they both share various other properties, like the property of being a fruit. On a formal level, similarity is usually considered to be a relation that is ''reflexive'' (everything resembles itself), ''symmetric'' (if ''a'' is similar to ''b'' then ''b'' is similar to ''a' ...
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No Resemblance Whatsoever
''No Resemblance Whatsoever'' is the thirteenth album by American singer-songwriter Dan Fogelberg. It's the second and final collaborative album with jazz flutist Tim Weisberg, released in 1995 (see 1995 in music). The cover art was a current picture of the two in a pose similar to that on the cover of their 1978 collaboration ''Twin Sons of Different Mothers''. The album title was a comedic reference to the pair who once looked somewhat like brothers (per the album title of their last collaboration), but now not so much with their clean-shaven faces and the passage of 17 years. This particular album, according to Fogelberg, only took 10 days to record. Weisberg sued Fogelberg in 1997 claiming fraud and breach of contract over money Weisberg claimed was owed to him from the album sales and the subsequent tour. Track listing All songs written by Dan Fogelberg, except where noted. #"County Clare" – 2:17 #"Forever Jung" – 4:32 #"Todos Santos" – 4:02 #"Sunlight" (Jesse Colin Y ...
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Nominalism
In metaphysics, nominalism is the view that universals and abstract objects do not actually exist other than being merely names or labels. There are at least two main versions of nominalism. One version denies the existence of universalsthings that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things (e.g., strength, humanity). The other version specifically denies the existence of abstract objectsobjects that do not exist in space and time. Most nominalists have held that only physical particulars in space and time are real, and that universals exist only ''post res'', that is, subsequent to particular things. However, some versions of nominalism hold that some particulars are abstract entities (e.g., numbers), while others are concrete entities – entities that do exist in space and time (e.g., pillars, snakes, bananas). Nominalism is primarily a position on the problem of universals. It is opposed to realist philosophies, such as Platonic realism, which assert that ...
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Family Resemblance (anthropology)
Family resemblance refers to physical similarities shared between close relatives, especially between parents and children and between siblings. In psychology, the similarities of personality are also observed. Genetics Heritability, defined as a measure of family resemblance, causes traits to be genetically passed from parents to offspring ( heredity), allowing evolutionarily advantageous traits to persist through generations. Despite sharing parents, siblings do not inherit identical genes, making studies on identical twins (who have identical DNA) especially effective at analyzing the role genetics play in phenotypic similarity. Studies have found that generational resemblance of many phenotypic traits results from the inheritance of multiples genes that collectively influence a trait ( additive genetic variance). There is evidence of heritability in personality traits. For example, one study found that approximately half of personality differences in high-school aged frate ...
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W-shingling
In natural language processing a ''w-shingling'' is a set of ''unique'' ''shingles'' (therefore ''n-grams'') each of which is composed of contiguous subsequences of tokens within a document, which can then be used to ascertain the similarity between documents. The symbol ''w'' denotes the quantity of tokens in each shingle selected, or solved for. The document, "a rose is a rose is a rose" can therefore be maximally tokenized as follows: :(a,rose,is,a,rose,is,a,rose) The set of all contiguous ''sequences of 4 tokens'' (Thus 4=''n'', thus 4-''grams'') is : Which can then be reduced, or maximally shingled in this particular instance to . Resemblance For a given shingle size, the degree to which two documents ''A'' and ''B'' resemble each other can be expressed as the ratio of the magnitudes of their shinglings' intersection and union, or :r(A,B)= where , A, is the size of set A. The resemblance is a number in the range ,1 where 1 indicates that two documents are ident ...
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