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RasGEF Domain
RasGEF domain is domain found in the CDC25 family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Ras-like small GTPases. Ras proteins are membrane-associated molecular switches that bind GTP and GDP and slowly hydrolyze GTP to GDP. The balance between the GTP bound (active) and GDP bound (inactive) states is regulated by the opposite action of proteins activating the GTPase activity and that of proteins which promote the loss of bound GDP and the uptake of fresh GTP. The latter proteins are known as guanine-nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs) (or also as guanine-nucleotide releasing (or exchange) factors (GRFs)). Proteins that act as GDS can be classified into at least two families, on the basis of sequence similarities, the CDC24 family (see ) and this CDC25 (RasGEF) family. The size of the proteins of the CDC25 family range from 309 residues (LTE1) to 1596 residues (sos). The sequence similarity shared by all these proteins is limited to a region of about 250 amino acids ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein Family
A protein family is a group of evolutionarily related proteins. In many cases, a protein family has a corresponding gene family, in which each gene encodes a corresponding protein with a 1:1 relationship. The term "protein family" should not be confused with Family (biology), family as it is used in taxonomy. Proteins in a family descend from a common ancestor and typically have similar protein structure, three-dimensional structures, functions, and significant Sequence homology, sequence similarity. The most important of these is sequence similarity (usually amino-acid sequence), since it is the strictest indicator of homology and therefore the clearest indicator of common ancestry. A fairly well developed framework exists for evaluating the significance of similarity between a group of sequences using sequence alignment methods. Proteins that do not share a common ancestor are very unlikely to show statistically significant sequence similarity, making sequence alignment a powerf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Son Of Sevenless
In cell signalling, ''Son of Sevenless'' (''SOS'') refers to a set of genes encoding guanine nucleotide exchange factors that act on the Ras subfamily of small GTPases. History and name The gene was so named because the Sos protein that it encoded was found to operate downstream of the ''sevenless'' gene in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' in a Ras/MAP kinase pathway. When ''sevenless'' is mutated or otherwise dysfunctional during development of the fly's ultraviolet light-sensitive compound eye, the seventh, central photoreceptor (R7) of each ommatidium fails to form. Similarly, the mammalian orthologues of Sos, SOS1 and SOS2, function downstream of many growth factor and adhesion receptors. Function Ras-GTPases act as molecular switches that bind to downstream effectors, such as the protein kinase c-Raf, and localise them to the membrane, resulting in their activation. Ras-GTPases are considered inactive when bound to guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and active when bound to guanosine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SOS1
Son of sevenless homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SOS1'' gene. Function SOS1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which interacts with RAS proteins to phosphorylate GDP into GTP, or from an inactive state to an active state to signal cell proliferation. RAS genes (e.g., MIM 190020) encode membrane-bound guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that function in the transduction of signals that control cell growth and differentiation. Binding of GTP activates RAS proteins, and subsequent hydrolysis of the bound GTP to GDP and phosphate inactivates signaling by these proteins. GTP binding can be catalyzed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors for RAS, and GTP hydrolysis can be accelerated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). The first exchange factor to be identified for RAS was the S. cerevisiae Cdc25 gene product. Genetic analysis indicated that CDC25 is essential for activation of RAS proteins. In ''Drosophila'', the protein encoded by the 'son of s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RGL4
The enzyme Rhamnogalacturonan endolyase (, ''rhamnogalacturonase B'', ''α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-galactopyranosyluronide lyase'', ''Rgase B'', ''rhamnogalacturonan α-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1,4)-α-D-galactopyranosyluronide lyase'', ''RG-lyase'', ''YesW'', ''RGL4'', ''Rgl11A'', ''Rgl11Y'', ''RhiE'') is an enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. A ... with systematic name ''α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-galactopyranosyluronate endolyase''. catalyses the following process: : Endotype eliminative cleavage of L-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid bonds of rhamnogalacturonan I domains in ramified hairy regions of pectin leaving L-rhamnopyranose at the reducing end and 4-deoxy-4,5-unsaturated Dgalactopyranosyluronic acid at the non-reducing en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RGL2
Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RGL2'' gene. Interactions RGL2 has been shown to interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ... with HRAS. References Further reading * * * * * * * * {{gene-6-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RASGRP4
RAS guanyl releasing protein 4 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the RASGRP4 gene in chromosome 19. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein (RasGRP) family of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors. It contains a Ras exchange motif, a diacylglycerol-binding domain, and two calcium-binding EF hands. This protein was shown to activate H-Ras in a cation-dependent manner in vitro. Expression of this protein in myeloid cell lines was found to be correlated with elevated level of activated RAS protein, and the RAS activation can be greatly enhanced by phorbol ester treatment, which suggested a role of this protein in diacylglycerol regulated cell signaling pathways. Studies of a mast cell leukemia cell line expressing substantial amounts of abnormal transcripts of this gene indicated that this gene may play an important role in the final stages of mast cell development. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isof ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RASGRP3
Ras guanyl-releasing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RASGRP3'' gene. Function Members of the RAS (see HRAS; MIM 190020) subfamily of GTPases function in signal transduction as GTP/GDP-regulated switches that cycle between inactive GDP- and active GTP-bound states. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), such as RASGRP3, serve as RAS activators by promoting acquisition of GTP to maintain the active GTP-bound state and are the key link between cell surface receptors and RAS activation (Rebhun et al., 2000). Interactions RASGRP3 has been shown to interact with PRKCD Protein kinase C delta type (or PKC-δ) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKCD'' gene. Function Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by the second messenge .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-2-stub EF-hand-containing proteins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RASGRP2
RAS guanyl-releasing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RASGRP2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a brain-enriched nucleotide exchanged factor that contains an N-terminal GEF domain, 2 tandem repeats of EF-hand calcium-binding motifs, and a C-terminal diacylglycerol/phorbol ester-binding domain. This protein can activate small GTPases, including RAS and RAP1/RAS3. The nucleotide exchange activity of this protein can be stimulated by calcium and diacylglycerol. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, encoding distinct isoforms, have been reported. Clinical significance Mutations In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA. Mutations result from errors during DNA or viral replication, mi ... in RASGRP2 are associated with severe bleeding. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RASGRP1
RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RASGRP1'' gene. Function RAS guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein (RASGRP) is a member of a family of genes characterized by the presence of a Ras superfamily guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain. It functions as a diacylglycerol ( DAG)-regulated nucleotide exchange factor specifically activating Ras through the exchange of bound GDP for GTP. It activates the Erk/MAP kinase cascade and regulates T-cells and B-cell B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. B cells produce antibody molecules which may be either secreted o ...s development, homeostasis and differentiation. Gene Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. The corresponding rat gene rbc7, which lacks a 5-prime exon, represents a 5-prime ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
