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Racquet Nail
In racquet nails (also known as brachyonychia, nail en raquette, and racquet thumb), the nail plate is flattened, the end of the thumb is widened and flattened, and the distal phalanx is abnormally short.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. . In racquet nails, the width of the nail bed and nail plate is greater than their length.Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. . The condition is painless and asymptomatic. Racquet nails usually occur on one or both thumbs, but may appear on all fingers and toes. It may be genetic, inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait, or acquired. Genetic disorders associated with racquet nail include Larsen syndrome, Brooke–Spiegler syndrome, Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome, Hajdu–Cheney syndrome, cartilage–hair hypoplasia, pycnodysostosis, acrodysostosis, and brachydactyly type D. Acquired rac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brachydactyly Type D
Brachydactyly type D, also known as short thumb or stub thumb and inaccurately referred to as clubbed thumb, is a condition clinically recognised by a thumb being relatively short and round with an accompanying wider nail bed. The distal phalanx of affected thumbs is approximately two-thirds the length of full-length thumbs. It is the most common type of brachydactyly, or shortness of digits, affecting approximately 2–3% of the population, and is associated with the ''HOXD13'' gene, located on chromosome 2q31.1 Physiology Brachydactyly type D is a skeletal condition which exhibits a 'partial fusion or premature closing of the epiphysis with the distal phalanx of the thumb', according to Goodman '' et alia'' (1965). J.K. Breithenbecher (1923) found that distal phalanges of stub thumbs were one-half the length of full-length thumbs, while R.M. Stecher (1957) claimed that it is approximately two-thirds. The condition may either be unilateral (affecting one thumb) or bilateral (a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the blood. This occurs from a disorder either within the parathyroid glands (primary hyperparathyroidism) or as response to external stimuli (secondary hyperparathyroidism). Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism are caused by inappropriately normal or elevated blood calcium leaving the bones and flowing into the blood stream in response to increased production of parathyroid hormone. In healthy people, when blood calcium levels are high, parathyroid hormone levels should be low. With long-standing hyperparathyroidism, the most common symptom is kidney stones. Other symptoms may include bone pain, weakness, depression, confusion, and increased urination. Both primary and secondary may result in osteoporosis (weakening of the bones). In 80% of cases, primary hyperparathyroidism is due to a single benign tumor known as a parathyroid adenoma. Most of the remainder are due to several of these adenomas. Very rarely it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Cutaneous Conditions
Many skin conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment. The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square metres, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin.Burns, Tony; ''et al''. (2006) ''Rook's Textbook of Dermatology CD-ROM''. Wiley-Blackwell. . Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle. In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nail (anatomy)
A nail is a claw-like plate found at the tip of the Finger, fingers and Toe, toes on most primates. Nails correspond to the claws found in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called alpha-keratin, which is a polymer. Alpha-keratin is found in the hooves, claws, and horns of vertebrates. Structure The nail consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it. Parts of the nail The matrix, sometimes called the ''matrix unguis'', keratogenous membrane, nail matrix, or onychostroma, is the active Tissue (biology), tissue (or Germ layer, germinal Matrix (biology), matrix) that generates cells, which harden as they move outward from the nail root to the nail plate. It is the part of the nail bed that is beneath the nail and contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. The matrix produces cells that become the nail plate. The width and thickness of the nail plate is determined by the size, length, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Half-and-half Nails
Half and half nails (also known as "Lindsay's nails") show the proximal portion of the nail white and the distal half red, pink, or brown, with a sharp line of demarcation between the two halves.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. . The darker distal discoloration does not fade on pressure, which differentiates Lindsay's nails from Terry's nails. The discoloration is thought to be due to β-melanocyte–stimulating hormone. Seventy percent of hemodialysis patients and 56% of renal transplant patients have at least one type of nail abnormality. Absence of lunula, splinter hemorrhage, and half and half nails were significantly more common in hemodialysis patients, while leukonychia was significantly more common in transplant patients.Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. . See also * List of cutaneous conditions Many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leuconychia
Leukonychia (or leuconychia) is a medical term for white discoloration appearing on nails.Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 658–59. . It is derived from the Greek words ''leuko'' 'white' and ''onyx'' 'nail'. The most common cause is injury to the base of the nail (the matrix) where the nail is formed. Types Leukonychia totalis This condition consists of a whitening of the entire nail and mostly likely occurs on all nails. Whitening of one, and only one, entire nail is not recognized as a symptom of Leukonychia totalis but as a likely result of mechanical trauma. Leukonychia totalis may be a clinical sign of hypoalbuminaemia (low albumin), which can be seen in nephrotic syndrome (a form of kidney failure), liver failure, protein malabsorption and protein-losing enteropathies. A genetic condition or a side effect from taking sulphonamides (a family of antibiotics) can also cause this appearance. By 2011, on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muehrcke's Lines
Muehrcke's nails or Muehrcke's lines ( apparent leukonychia striata) are changes in the fingernail that may be a sign of an underlying medical condition. The term refers to a set of one or more pale transverse bands extending all the way across the nail, parallel to the lunula. In contrast to Beau's lines, they are not grooved (no 3-dimensional deformity), and in contrast to Mees' lines, the thumb is usually not involved. Muehrcke's lines are a strong indicator of hypoalbuminemia, which can result from a variety of different causes. The lines are actually in the vascular bed underneath the nail plate. As such, they do not move with nail growth, and disappear when pressure is applied to the nail (blanching the underlying nail bed): this distinguishes them from "true leukonychia striata" such as Mees' lines. As in Terry's and half-and-half nails, the pattern is thought to be formed by bands of localized edema exerting pressure on the surrounding capillaries. Physiology The ap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pachyonychia
Pachyonychia congenita (often abbreviated as "PC") is a rare group of autosomal dominant skin disorders that are caused by a mutation in one of five different keratin genes. Pachyonychia congenita is often associated with thickened toenails, plantar keratoderma, and plantar pain. Signs and symptoms Pachyonychia congenita is characterized by a clinical triad present in 97% of people with PC by the time they turn 10 years old: # Thickened toenails # Plantar keratoderma # Plantar pain that may require some patients to use wheelchairs, canes, crutches, and pain medications due to its severity Other signs and symptoms found in PC include: * Thickened fingernails * Palmar keratoderma * Oral leukokeratosis * Cysts, including steatocystoma multiplex * Follicular hyperkeratosis * Natal or prenatal teeth * Blisters * Excessive sweating of the palms and soles * Excess earwax production * Ear pain * Hoarseness * Angular chelitis * Fingernail and toenail infections Cause The condition ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Koilonychia
Koilonychia, also known as spoon nails,James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. . is a nail disease that can be a sign of hypochromic anemia, especially iron-deficiency anemia.Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. .Kumar, Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005. Saunders. It refers to abnormally thin nails (usually of the hand) which have lost their convexity, becoming flat or even concave in shape. In a sense, koilonychia is the opposite of nail clubbing. In early stages nails may be brittle and chip or break easily. Koilonychia is associated with Plummer–Vinson syndrome and iron deficiency anemia. It has also been associated with lichen planus, syphilis, and rheumatic fever. The term is from the Greek: κοῖλος, ''koilos'', "hollow", ὄνυξ, ''onyx'', "nail". Even though Koilonychia has been a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Onycholysis
Onycholysis is a common medical condition characterized by the painless detachment of the nail from the nail bed, usually starting at the tip and/or sides. On the hands, it occurs particularly on the ring finger but can occur on any of the fingernails. It may also happen to toenails. Onycholysis can occur in many conditions, including psoriasis. In thyrotoxicosis, it is thought to be due to sympathetic overactivity. It may also be seen in infections or trauma. Causes * Unknown * Trauma, excessive manicuring * Infection: especially fungal * Skin disease: psoriasis, dermatitis * Impaired peripheral circulation, e.g. Raynaud's syndrome * Systemic disease: hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, reactive arthritis, porphyria cutanea tarda * Reaction to detergents (e.g. washing dishes with bare hands, using detergent-based shampoos or soaps). * Patients with hepatocellular dysfunction may develop hair-thinning or hair loss and nail changes such as clubbing, leukonychia (whitening), or onyc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bone Resorption
Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood. The osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that contain numerous mitochondria and lysosomes. These are the cells responsible for the resorption of bone. Osteoblasts are generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum. Attachment of the osteoclast to the osteon begins the process. The osteoclast then induces an infolding of its cell membrane and secretes collagenase and other enzymes important in the resorption process. High levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphate and products of collagen will be released into the extracellular fluid as the osteoclasts tunnel into the mineralized bone. Osteoclasts are prominent in the tissue destruction found in psoriatic arthritis and rheumatological disorders. The human body is in a constant state of bone remod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Larsen Syndrome
Larsen syndrome (LS) is a congenital disorder discovered in 1950 by Larsen and associates when they observed dislocation of the large joints and face anomalies in six of their patients.Mitra, N., Kannan, N., Kumar, V.S., Kavita, G. "Larsen Syndrome: A Case Report." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society. 32.1 (2012): 85-87. Print. Patients with Larsen syndrome normally present with a variety of symptoms, including congenital anterior dislocation of the knees, dislocation of the hips and elbows, flattened facial appearance, prominent foreheads, and depressed nasal bridges.Liang, C.D., Hang, C.L. " Elongation of the Aorta and Multiple Cardiovascular Abnormalities Associated with Larsen Syndrome." Pediatric Cardiology. 22. (2001): 245-246. Print. Larsen syndrome can also cause a variety of cardiovascularKiel, E.A., et al. "Cardiovascular Manifestations in the Larsen Syndrome." Pediatrics. 71.6 (1983): 942-946. Print. and orthopedic abnormalities.Johnston, C.E., Birch, J.G., Daniels, J.L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
