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R2d2 (mouse Gene)
R2d2 is a mouse gene that is sometimes a selfish gene. R2d2 is short for "Responder to meiotic drive 2", It was discovered by UNC School of Medicine researchers to display transmission bias. R2d2 is a stretch of DNA on mouse chromosome 2 that contains multiple copies of the Cwc22 gene. When seven or more copies of that latter gene are present, ''R2d2'' becomes selfish. In one lab breeding population, in a selective sweep, ''R2d2'' increased from being in 50 percent of the lab mice's chromosomes to 85 percent in 10 generations. By 15 generations, it reached fixation. In female mice, ''R2d2'' somehow displaces the chromosome that doesn’t contain it and it is preferentially incorporated into eggs. It has spread in the wild to several parts of the world. See also *gene drive *Homing endonuclease gene The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selfish Gene Theory
With gene defined as "not just one single physical bit of DNA [but] all replicas of a particular bit of DNA distributed throughout the world", the gene-centered view of evolution, gene's eye view, gene selection theory, or selfish gene theory holds that adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of competing genes, increasing the allele frequency of those alleles whose phenotypic trait effects successfully promote their own propagation. The proponents of this viewpoint argue that, since heritability, heritable information is passed from generation to generation almost exclusively by DNA, natural selection and evolution are best considered from the perspective of genes. Proponents of the gene-centered viewpoint argue that it permits understanding of diverse phenomena such as altruism in animals, altruism and intragenomic conflict that are otherwise difficult to explain from an organism-centered viewpoint. The gene-centered view of evolution is a synthesis of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UNC School Of Medicine
The University of North Carolina School of Medicine is a professional school within the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It offers a Doctor of Medicine degree along with combined Doctor of Medicine / Doctor of Philosophy or Doctor of Medicine / Master of Public Health degrees. It is one of the top-ranked medical schools in the country: in 2013 ''U.S. News & World Report'' ranked the school 1st in primary care and 22nd in research. In 2016, the school received $449 million in research funding. With approximately two-thirds of that amount coming from the National Institutes of Health, the school received more federal research funding than any other public or private university in the South.FY 2016 Research Funding June 20, 2017. Curriculum As of fall 2014, UNC School of Medic ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transmission Bias
Transmission may refer to: Medicine, science and technology * Power transmission ** Electric power transmission ** Propulsion transmission, technology allowing controlled application of power *** Automatic transmission *** Manual transmission *** Electric transmission (propulsion) * Signal transmission, the process of sending and propagating an analogue or digital information signal ** Analogue transmission - the process of sending and propagating an analogue signal ** Data transmission, the process of sending and propagating digital information ** Signaling (telecommunications) - transmission of meta-information related to the actual transmission * Monetary transmission mechanism, process by which asset prices and general economic conditions are affected as a result of monetary policy decisions * Pathogen transmission, the passing of a disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group * Cellular signaling - transmission of signals within or bet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cwc22
CWC may refer to: Arts and entertainment * California Writers Club * Crime Writers of Canada Businesses and organizations Businesses * Central Warehousing Corporation, an Indian government-owned corporation * Cable & Wireless Communications, a British telecommunications company * Cuyamaca Water Company, a former water company in California, U.S. Colleges and universities * Central Wyoming College, Riverton, Wyoming, U.S. * Chellammal Women's College, Tamil Nadu, India * City of Westminster College, London, UK * Colorado Women's College, Colorado, U.S. * Columbia Water Center, a research institute in New York, U.S. * Clongowes Wood College, Kildare, Ireland Political organizations * Ceylon Workers' Congress, a Sri Lankan political party * Clyde Workers' Committee, a Scottish workers' organisation during World War I * Congress Working Committee, the central decision-making body of the Indian National Congress * CrimethInc., an anarchist group Other organizations * Concerned ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selective Sweep
In genetics, a selective sweep is the process through which a new beneficial mutation that increases its frequency and becomes fixed (i.e., reaches a frequency of 1) in the population leads to the reduction or elimination of genetic variation among nucleotide sequences that are near the mutation. In selective sweep, positive selection causes the new mutation to reach fixation so quickly that linked alleles can "hitchhike" and also become fixed. Overview A selective sweep can occur when a rare or previously non-existing allele that increases the fitness of the carrier (relative to other members of the population) increases rapidly in frequency due to natural selection. As the prevalence of such a beneficial allele increases, genetic variants that happen to be present on the genomic background (the DNA neighborhood) of the beneficial allele will also become more prevalent. This is called ''genetic hitchhiking''. A selective sweep due to a strongly selected allele, which arose on a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fixation (population Genetics)
In population genetics, fixation is the change in a gene pool from a situation where there exists at least two variants of a particular gene (allele) in a given population to a situation where only one of the alleles remains. In the absence of mutation or heterozygote advantage, any allele must eventually be lost completely from the population or fixed (permanently established at 100% frequency in the population). Whether a gene will ultimately be lost or fixed is dependent on selection coefficients and chance fluctuations in allelic proportions. Fixation can refer to a gene in general or particular nucleotide position in the DNA chain (locus). In the process of substitution, a previously non-existent allele arises by mutation and undergoes fixation by spreading through the population by random genetic drift or positive selection. Once the frequency of the allele is at 100%, i.e. being the only gene variant present in any member, it is said to be "fixed" in the population. Simil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene Drive
A gene drive is a natural process and technology of genetic engineering that propagates a particular suite of genes throughout a population by altering the probability that a specific allele will be transmitted to offspring (instead of the Mendelian 50% probability). Gene drives can arise through a variety of mechanisms. They have been proposed to provide an effective means of genetically modifying specific populations and entire species. The technique can employ adding, deleting, disrupting, or modifying genes. Proposed applications include exterminating insects that carry pathogens (notably mosquitoes that transmit malaria, dengue, and zika pathogens), controlling invasive species, or eliminating herbicide or pesticide resistance. As with any potentially powerful technique, gene drives can be misused in a variety of ways or induce unintended consequences. For example, a gene drive intended to affect only a local population might spread across an entire species. Gene drives th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homing Endonuclease Gene
The homing endonucleases are a collection of endonucleases encoded either as freestanding genes within introns, as fusions with host proteins, or as self-splicing inteins. They catalyze the hydrolysis of genomic DNA within the cells that synthesize them, but do so at very few, or even singular, locations. Repair of the hydrolyzed DNA by the host cell frequently results in the gene encoding the homing endonuclease having been copied into the cleavage site, hence the term 'homing' to describe the movement of these genes. Homing endonucleases can thereby transmit their genes horizontally within a host population, increasing their allele frequency at greater than Mendelian rates. Origin and mechanism Although the origin and function of homing endonucleases is still being researched, the most established hypothesis considers them as selfish genetic elements, similar to transposons, because they facilitate the perpetuation of the genetic elements that encode them independent of prov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genes
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
