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Reich Ministry For The Occupied Territories
The Reich Ministry for the Occupied Territories () was a cabinet-level ministry of the Weimar Republic from 24 August 1923 to 30 September 1930. It was responsible for the administration of both the Rhineland region occupied by the Allies under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and of the Ruhr after it was occupied by the French and Belgians in January 1923. The Ministry is not to be confused with Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories that existed under the National Socialists. Background In December 1918, French, Belgian and British troops occupied parts of the Rhineland and neighboring areas in Hesse, Hesse-Nassau and the Palatinate. The Treaty of Versailles, which came into effect on 10 January 1920, defined the left bank of the Rhine and the bridgeheads of Cologne, Koblenz and Mainz as an Allied zone of occupation. As a result of disputes over German reparations payments required by the Treaty, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr in January 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Territory Of The Saar Basin
The Territory of the Saar Basin (german: Saarbeckengebiet, ; french: Territoire du bassin de la Sarre) was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate. It had its own flag (adopted on July 28, 1920): a blue, white, and black horizontal tricolour. The blue and white stood for Bavaria, and white and black for Prussia, out of whose lands the Saar Territory was formed. Initially, the occupation was under the auspices of the Treaty of Versailles. Its population in 1933 was 812,000, and its capital was Saarbrücken. The territory closely corresponds with the modern German state of Saarland, but was slightly smaller in area. After a plebiscite was held in 1935, it was returned to Germany. Governing Commission Under the Treaty of Versailles, the highly industrialized Saar Basin, including the Saar Coal District (german: link=no, Saarrevier), was to be occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and Franc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Luther Cabinet
The First Luther cabinet (German: ''Erstes Kabinett Luther'') was the 12th democratically elected ''Reichsregierung'' of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after ''Reichskanzler'' (chancellor) Hans Luther and was in office for only a year. On 15 January 1925 it replaced the Second Marx cabinet which had resigned on 15 December 1924. Luther resigned with his cabinet on 5 December 1925 following the signature of the Locarno treaties but remained in office as caretaker. He formed another government on 20 January 1926. Establishment Attempts to form a new government had dragged on since the Marx cabinet resigned on 15 December. Marx himself had been asked by president Friedrich Ebert to build a new coalition. However, the goals of the parties turned out to be incompatible. Including the whole spectrum from SPD to DNVP proved elusive. Moreover, the DDP refused to work with the DNVP, which also ru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hans Luther
Hans Luther () (10 March 1879 – 11 May 1962) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany for 482 days in 1925 to 1926. As Minister of Finance he helped stabilize the Mark during the hyperinflation of 1923. From 1930 to 1933, Luther was head of the Reichsbank and from 1933 to 1937 he served as German Ambassador to the United States. Early life Hans Luther was born in Berlin on 10 March 1879 into a Lutheran family as the son of Otto (1848–1912), a well-off merchant, and Wilhelmine Luther (née Hübner). After attaining the ''Abitur'' at the Leibniz-Gymnasium/Berlin, Luther studied law at Geneva, Kiel and Berlin from 1897 to 1901. His teachers included Otto von Gierke, Franz von Liszt, Heinrich Brunner, Gustav von Schmoller and Hugo Preuss. In 1904, Luther was awarded a Dr.jur. for his dissertation ''Die Zuständigkeit des Bundesrats zur Entscheidung von Thronstreitigkeiten innerhalb des Deutschen Reiches''. He passed the ''Assessor'' exam in 1906 and worked in the Pruss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Marx Cabinet
The Second Marx cabinet (German: ''Zweites Kabinett Marx'') was the 11th democratically elected ''Reichsregierung'' of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after ''Reichskanzler'' (chancellor) Wilhelm Marx and took office on 3 June 1924 when it replaced the First Marx cabinet which had resigned on 26 May. Marx' second cabinet resigned on 15 December 1924 and was replaced on 15 January 1925 by a cabinet led by Hans Luther. Establishment On 15 February 1924, the ''Ermächtigungsgesetz'' (enabling act), on which many of the actions of the first Marx cabinet had been based, lapsed and there was no prospect of the Reichstag granting an extension. The parliament met on 20 February and several draft laws were tabled, aimed at undoing some of the government's decrees, notably on taxes, working hours and cuts to the public workforce. The government decided to fight to keep these in place as it saw them ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Marx Cabinet
The First Marx cabinet (German: ''Erstes Kabinett Marx'') was the tenth democratically elected ''Reichsregierung'' of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after ''Reichskanzler'' (chancellor) Wilhelm Marx and took office on 30 November 1923 when it replaced the Second Stresemann cabinet which had resigned on 23 November. Marx' first cabinet resigned on 26 May 1924 and was replaced on 3 June by another cabinet under his chancellorship. Establishment After the second cabinet of Gustav Stresemann had resigned on 23 November 1923, the situation of the Reich was too critical to be dealt with for long by a mere caretaker government: the Occupation of the Ruhr, a military state of emergency (in place since 26 September 1923), implementation of the currency reform and the dire state of the public finances. Nevertheless, attempts to create a new coalition turned out to be difficult. A restoration o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wilhelm Marx
Wilhelm Marx (15 January 1863 – 5 August 1946) was a German lawyer, Catholic politician and a member of the Centre Party. He was the chancellor of Germany twice, from 1923 to 1925 and again from 1926 to 1928, and he also served briefly as the minister-president of Prussia in 1925, during the Weimar Republic. With a total of 3 years, 73 days, he was the longest-serving Chancellor during the Weimar Republic, serving two non-consecutive terms. Early life He was born in 1863 in Cologne to Johann Marx, the rector of a Catholic school (1822–1882) and his wife, Gertrude (1826–1909). He had a sister, Barbara, who later headed the Cologne Ursulines. Marx passed his Abitur at the Marzellengymnasium in 1881. He then studied jurisprudence at the University of Bonn from 1881 to 1884. As a student he became a member of Catholic Student Association Arminia of Bonn (a part of Kartellverband). Marx married Johanna Verkoyen (1871–1946) in 1891, and they had a total of four childr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Brüning Cabinet
The first Brüning cabinet, headed by Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party, was the seventeenth democratically elected government during the Weimar Republic. It took office on 30 March 1930 when it replaced the second Müller cabinet, which had resigned on 27 March over the issue of how to fund unemployment compensation. Brüning hoped to be able to work with the Reichstag to solve Germany's pressing economic problems, but when it rejected his budget for 1930, he worked with President Paul von Hindenburg to have it converted into an emergency decree. After the Reichstag rejected the decree, Hindenburg, at Brüning's request, dissolved the Reichstag and called new elections. The steps that were taken after the rejection of the 1930 budget marked the beginning of the presidential governments of the Weimar Republic under which the president and chancellor used constitutional emergency powers to bypass the Reichstag. Brüning's first cabinet resigned on 10 October 1931 after ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Müller Cabinet
The second (symbol: s) is the unit of time in the International System of Units (SI), historically defined as of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each (24 × 60 × 60 = 86400). The current and formal definition in the International System of Units ( SI) is more precise:The second ..is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the caesium frequency, Δ''ν''Cs, the unperturbed ground-state hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium 133 atom, to be when expressed in the unit Hz, which is equal to s−1. This current definition was adopted in 1967 when it became feasible to define the second based on fundamental properties of nature with caesium clocks. Because the speed of Earth's rotation varies and is slowing ever so slightly, a leap second is added at irregular intervals to civil time to keep clocks in sync with Earth's rotation. Uses Analog clocks and watches often have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Stresemann Cabinet
The Second Stresemann cabinet (German: ''Zweites Kabinett Stresemann'') was the ninth democratically elected ''Reichsregierung'' of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after ''Reichskanzler'' (chancellor) Gustav Stresemann and took office on 6 October 1923 when it replaced the First Stresemann cabinet which had resigned on 3 October. Stresemann's second cabinet resigned on 23 November 1923 and was replaced on 30 November by the first cabinet under chancellor Wilhelm Marx. Establishment The first Stresemann cabinet resigned late on 3 October 1923 due to disagreement between the political parties over the extent to which the planned ''Ermächtigungsgesetz'' should give the government power to change the length of the working day by decree. However, the ''Große Koalition'' (grand coalition) of DVP, Social Democrats (SPD), Zentrum and German Democratic Party (DDP) was not replaced by a new constel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Stresemann Cabinet
The First Stresemann cabinet (German: ''Erstes Kabinett Stresemann'') was the eighth democratically elected ''Reichsregierung'' of the German Reich, during the period in which it is now usually referred to as the Weimar Republic. The cabinet was named after ''Reichskanzler'' (chancellor) Gustav Stresemann and took office on 13 August 1923 when it replaced the Cuno cabinet under Wilhelm Cuno. The cabinet resigned late on 3 October 1923 and was replaced on 6 October by another cabinet formed by Stresemann. Establishment The resignation of the Cuno cabinet was officially transmitted to ''Reichspräsident'' Friedrich Ebert late on 12 August 1923. At roughly the same time, Ebert asked the chairman of the DVP, Gustav Stresemann, to form a new government. On the evening of 13 August, Ebert appointed Stresemann Chancellor. At that point, the list of ministers for the new cabinet was mostly completed. This was the fastest formation of a government between the time when the Weimar Nati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
The Reichstag of the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) was the lower house of Germany's parliament; the upper house was the Reichsrat, which represented the states. The Reichstag convened for the first time on 24 June 1920, taking over from the Weimar National Assembly, which had served as an interim parliament following the collapse of the German Empire in November 1918. Under the Weimar Constitution of 1919, the Reichstag was elected every four years by universal, equal, secret and direct suffrage, using a system of party-list proportional representation. All citizens who had reached the age of 20 were allowed to vote, including women for the first time, but excluding soldiers on active duty. The Reichstag voted on the laws of the Reich and was responsible for the budget, questions of war and peace, and confirmation of state treaties. Oversight of the Reich government (the ministers responsible for executing the laws) also resided with the Reichstag. It could force individual mi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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