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Pulse Pressure
Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It represents the force that the heart generates each time it contracts. Healthy pulse pressure is around 40 mmHg. A pulse pressure that is consistently 60 mmHg or greater is likely to be associated with disease, and a pulse pressure of 50 mmHg or more increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Pulse pressure is considered low if it is less than 25% of the systolic. (For example, if the systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, then the pulse pressure would be considered low if it were less than 30 mmHg, since 30 is 25% of 120.) A very low pulse pressure can be a symptom of disorders such as congestive heart failure. Calculation Pulse pressure is calculated as the difference between the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure. The systemic pulse pressure is approximately proportional to stroke volume, or the amoun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Systole
Systole ( ) is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some chambers of the heart contract after refilling with blood. Its contrasting phase is diastole, the relaxed phase of the cardiac cycle when the chambers of the heart are refilling with blood. Etymology The term originates, via Neo-Latin, from Ancient Greek (''sustolē''), from (''sustéllein'' 'to contract'; from ''sun'' 'together' + ''stéllein'' 'to send'), and is similar to the use of the English term ''to squeeze''. Terminology, general explanation The mammalian heart has four chambers: the left atrium above the left ventricle (lighter pink, see graphic), which two are connected through the mitral (or bicuspid) valve; and the right atrium above the right ventricle (lighter blue), connected through the tricuspid valve. The atria are the receiving blood chambers for the circulation of blood and the ventricles are the discharging chambers. In late ventricular diastole, the atrial chambers contract and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a condition characterized by an abnormally large increase in heart rate upon sitting up or standing. POTS is a disorder of the autonomic nervous system that can lead to a variety of symptoms, including lightheadedness, Brain Fog, brain fog, blurred vision, weakness, fatigue, headaches, Palpitations, heart palpitations, exercise intolerance, nausea, difficulty concentrating, Tremor, tremulousness (shaking), Syncope (medicine), syncope (fainting), coldness, pain, or numbness in the extremities, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Many symptoms are exacerbated with postural changes, especially standing up. Other conditions associated with POTS include myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, Migraine, migraine headaches, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, asthma, autoimmune disease, vasovagal syncope, chiari malformation, and mast cell activation syndrome. POTS symptoms may be treated with lifestyle changes such as increasing fl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Arterial Stiffness
Arterial stiffness occurs as a consequence of biological aging, arteriosclerosis and genetic disorders, such as Marfan, Williams, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Inflammation plays a major role in arteriosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Increased arterial stiffness is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, heart failure, and stroke. The World Health Organization identified cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death globally in 2019. Degenerative changes that occur with age in the walls of large elastic arteries are thought to contribute to increased stiffening over time, including the disruption of lamellar elastin structures within the wall, possibly due to repeated cycles of mechanical stress; inflammation; changes in arterial collagen proteins, partially as a compensatory mechanism against the loss of arterial elastin and partially due to fibrosis; and crosslinking of adjacent collagen fibers by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Conduit Artery
An elastic artery (conducting artery or conduit artery) is an artery with many collagen and elastin filaments in the tunica media, which gives it the ability to stretch in response to each pulse. This elasticity also gives rise to the Windkessel effect, which helps to maintain a relatively constant pressure in the arteries despite the pulsating nature of the blood flow. Elastic arteries include the largest arteries in the body, those closest to the heart. They give rise to medium-sized vessels known as distributing arteries (or ''muscular arteries''). The pulmonary arteries, the aorta, and its branches together comprise the body's system of elastic arteries. Other examples include the brachiocephalic artery, common carotid arteries, subclavian artery, and common iliac artery. Structure The most prominent feature of elastic arteries is the very thick tunica media in which elastic lamellae alternate with layers of smooth muscle fibers. The adult aorta has about 50 elastic lame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Central Aortic Blood Pressure
Central aortic pressure (CAP), central aortic blood pressure (CABP), or central aortic systolic pressure (CASP) is the blood pressure at the root of aorta. Studies have shown the importance of central aortic pressure, especially as compared to peripheral blood pressure, and its implications in assessing the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment with respect to cardiovascular risk factors, kidney disease, and mortality. There is an emerging movement for clinicians to begin using central aortic blood pressure, instead of peripheral blood pressure, as a guide for clinical decisions. Measurement In the past, central aortic blood pressure could only be measured by invasive means, such as heart catheterization, but there now exist, or are in late stages of development, noninvasive methods of accurately measuring it indirectly. Relationship to disease Elevated central aortic blood pressure has generally been found to be a greater predictor of cardiovascular disease-related mortality ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
