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Psilocybe Allenii
''Psilocybe allenii'' is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. Described as new to science in 2012, it is named after John W. Allen, who provided the type collection. It is found in the northwestern North America from British Columbia, Canada to Los Angeles, California, most commonly within of the Pacific coast. The fruitbodies (mushrooms) grow on rotting wood, especially wood chips used in garden landscaping. The caps of the mushrooms are brown to buff, broadly convex to flattened and have a diameter up to , while the white stipes are up to long and thick. As a bluing species in the genus ''Psilocybe'', ''P. allenii'' contains the psychoactive compounds psilocin and psilocybin, and it is consumed recreationally for its hallucinogenic properties. It is closely related to '' Psilocybe cyanescens'', from which it differs macroscopically by the lack of a wavy cap margin. Taxonomy ''Psilocybe allenii'' was described as new to science in 2012 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Cyanescens
''Psilocybe cyanescens'' (sometimes referred to as wavy caps or as the potent Psilocybe) is a species of potent psychedelic mushroom. The main compounds responsible for its psychedelic effects are psilocybin and psilocin. It belongs to the family Hymenogastraceae. A formal description of the species was published by Elsie Wakefield in 1946 in the Transactions of the British Mycological Society, based on a specimen she had recently collected at Kew Gardens. She had begun collecting the species as early as 1910. The mushroom is not generally regarded as being physically dangerous to adults. Since all the psychoactive compounds in ''P. cyanescens'' are water-soluble, the fruiting bodies can be rendered non-psychoactive through parboiling, allowing their culinary use. However, since most people find them overly bitter and they are too small to have great nutritive value, this is not frequently done. ''Psilocybe cyanescens'' can sometimes fruit in colossal quantity; more than 100 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agaric
An agaric () is a type of fungus fruiting body characterized by the presence of a pileus (cap) that is clearly differentiated from the stipe (stalk), with lamellae (gills) on the underside of the pileus. In the UK, agarics are called "mushrooms" or "toadstools". In North America they are typically called "gilled mushrooms". "Agaric" can also refer to a basidiomycete species characterized by an agaric-type fruiting body. Archaically, agaric meant 'tree-fungus' (after Latin ''agaricum''); however, that changed with the Linnaean interpretation in 1753 when Linnaeus used the generic name ''Agaricus'' for gilled mushrooms. Most species of agaricus belong to the order Agaricales in the subphylum Agaricomycotina. The exceptions, where agarics have evolved independently, feature largely in the orders Russulales, Boletales, Hymenochaetales, and several other groups of basidiomycetes. Old systems of classification placed all agarics in the Agaricales and some (mostly older) sources use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phylogeny
A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. All life on Earth is part of a single phylogenetic tree, indicating common ancestry. In a ''rooted'' phylogenetic tree, each node with descendants represents the inferred most recent common ancestor of those descendants, and the edge lengths in some trees may be interpreted as time estimates. Each node is called a taxonomic unit. Internal nodes are generally called hypothetical taxonomic units, as they cannot be directly observed. Trees are useful in fields of biology such as bioinformatics, systematics, and phylogenetics. ''Unrooted'' trees illustrate only the relatedness of the leaf nodes and do not require the ancestral root to be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA Sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery. Knowledge of DNA sequences has become indispensable for basic biological research, DNA Genographic Projects and in numerous applied fields such as medical diagnosis, biotechnology, forensic biology, virology and biological systematics. Comparing healthy and mutated DNA sequences can diagnose different diseases including various cancers, characterize antibody repertoire, and can be used to guide patient treatment. Having a quick way to sequence DNA allows for faster and more individualized medical care to be administered, and for more organisms to be identified and cataloged. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seattle, Washington
Seattle ( ) is a port, seaport city on the West Coast of the United States. It is the county seat, seat of King County, Washington, King County, Washington (state), Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015, it is the largest city in both the U.S. state, state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The Seattle metropolitan area's population is 4.02 million, making it the List of metropolitan statistical areas, 15th-largest in the United States. Its growth rate of 21.1% between 2010 and 2020 makes it one of the nation's fastest-growing large cities. Seattle is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound (an inlet of the Pacific Ocean) and Lake Washington. It is the northernmost major city in the United States, located about south of the Canada–United States border, Canadian border. A major gateway for trade with East Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling . The Seattle area was inhabited by Nat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alan Rockefeller
Alan Rockefeller is an American mycologist who specializes in taxonomy, fungi photography and DNA sequencing. Rockefeller collects and classifies "known and possibly new types of psilocybin and muscimol mushrooms." In addition, through "phylogenetic and microscopic analysis, he has identified several species not described in the scientific literature." Rockefeller also participates in several citizen science projects by identifying fungi on iNaturalist, Mushroom Observer, and Facebook, as well as teaching mushroom photography classes. The autodidact was described by the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' as a "remarkably dedicated volunteer". Mycology is an underfunded field that relies more than many scientific disciplines on independent naturalists and hobbyists for taxonomic extensions. Rockefeller works professionally in information security but "the son of two science teachers…started studying mushrooms in 2001 and has since traveled around the world to find and classify t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Species Description
A species description is a formal description of a newly discovered species, usually in the form of a scientific paper. Its purpose is to give a clear description of a new species of organism and explain how it differs from species that have been described previously or are related. In order for species to be validly described, they need to follow guidelines established over time. Zoological naming requires adherence to the ICZN code, plants, the ICN, viruses ICTV, and so on. The species description often contains photographs or other illustrations of type material along with a note on where they are deposited. The publication in which the species is described gives the new species a formal scientific name. Some 1.9 million species have been identified and described, out of some 8.7 million that may actually exist. Millions more have become extinct throughout the existence of life on Earth. Naming process A name of a new species becomes valid (available in zo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Atrobrunnea
''Psilocybe fuscofulva'' is a species of mushroom in that grows on '' Sphagnum'' moss and rarely decaying wood in peat bogs in North America and Europe. It is the only species of ''Psilocybe'' currently known to not produce psilocybin or psilocin. The phylogenetic placement indicates its close relationship to '' Psilocybe silvatica'' and '' Psilocybe semilanceata''. It was previously most commonly known as ''Psilocybe atrobrunnea'' but the holotype does not exist and the neotype of this species was lost, so ''Psilocybe fuscofulva'', which was previously regarded as a synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ... but has a holotype, was resurrected to replace it. It is considered inedible. See also * List of ''Psilocybe'' species References External links fus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Pelliculosa
''Psilocybe pelliculosa'' is a species of fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, have a conical brownish cap up to in diameter atop a slender stem up to long. It has a white partial veil that does not leave a ring on the stem. American mycologist Alexander H. Smith first described the species in 1937 as a member of the genus known today as ''Psathyrella''; it was transferred to ''Psilocybe'' by Rolf Singer in 1958. ''Psilocybe pelliculosa'' is found in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada, where it grows on the ground in groups or clusters along trails or forest roads in coniferous woods. A single collection has also been reported from Finland, and also in Norway. The mushrooms contain the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and baeocystin, although at relatively low concentrations. Several mushroom species that are similar in appearance to ''P. pelliculosa'' can be distinguished by subtle differences in the form of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Semilanceata
''Psilocybe semilanceata'', commonly known as the liberty cap, is a species of fungus which produces the psychoactive compounds psilocybin, psilocin and baeocystin. It is both one of the most widely distributed psilocybin mushrooms in nature, and one of the most potent. The mushrooms have a distinctive conical to bell-shaped cap, up to in diameter, with a small nipple-like protrusion on the top. They are yellow to brown, covered with radial grooves when moist, and fade to a lighter color as they mature. Their stipes tend to be slender and long, and the same color or slightly lighter than the cap. The gill attachment to the stipe is adnexed (narrowly attached), and they are initially cream-colored before tinting purple to black as the spores mature. The spores are dark purplish-brown in mass, ellipsoid in shape, and measure 10.5–15 by 6.5–8.5 micrometres. The mushroom grows in grassland habitats, especially wetter areas. But unlike '' P. cubensis'', the fungus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Silvatica
''Psilocybe silvatica'' is a psilocybin mushroom in the section ''Semilanceatae'' of the genus ''Psilocybe''. Psilocybin is the main active compound. The species is closely related to its European twin '' Psilocybe medullosa'', which differs genetically, and the American ''Psilocybe pelliculosa'', which can be distinguished by spore size and cheilocystidia shape. Cap: ¼"-13/16" broadly conic to bell shaped, and often with an acute reddish brown umbo. Tawny dark brown when moist, fading to pale yellow brown or gray brown and a striate margin. Surface smooth, viscid when moist from a thin gelatinous pellicle that is barely separable, if at all. Gills: narrowly to broadly attached, close or slightly wider spacing, grayish brown to cinnamon brown and smoky brown at maturity with white gill edges. Stem: ¾" - 3 3/16" tall 1/32-⅛" thick, equal to slightly enlarged at the base, brittle, tubular, and somewhat twisted. Pale to brownish under a whitish fibrillose covering. Partial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybe Medullosa
''Psilocybe medullosa'' is a species of psychoactive mushroom. It was originally described in 1898 as ''Naucoria medullosa'' by Italian mycologist Giacomo Bresadola. Czech mycologist Jan Borovička transferred it to ''Psilocybe'' in 2007. A widespread but rather rare species, it is found in Europe, where it grows as a saprobe on woody debris and detritus. Chemical analysis has been used to confirm the presence of the psychedelic compounds psilocin and psilocybin in the fruit bodies but probably at low levels. ''Psilocybe silvatica'' is its American sister species; it differs by subtle changes in molecular markers (LSU, ITS rDNA, and others). See also * List of ''Psilocybe'' species *List of psilocybin mushrooms Psilocybin mushrooms are mushrooms which contain the hallucinogenic substances psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin and norbaeocystin. The mushrooms are collected and grown as an entheogen and recreational drug, despite being illegal in many count ... References Exter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
