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Proportional Reduction In Error
Proportional reduction in loss (PRL) is a general framework for developing and evaluating measures of the reliability of particular ways of making observations which are possibly subject to errors of all types. Such measures quantify how much having the observations available has reduced the loss (cost) of the uncertainty about the intended quantity compared with not having those observations. Proportional reduction in error is a more restrictive framework widely used in statistics, in which the general loss function is replaced by a more direct measure of error such as the mean square error. Examples are the coefficient of determination and Goodman and Kruskal's lambda. The concept of proportional reduction in loss was proposed by Bruce Cooil and Roland T. Rust in their 1994 paper ''Reliability and Expected Loss: A Unifying Principle''. Many commonly used reliability measures for quantitative data (such as continuous data in an experimental design) are PRL measures, including Cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reliability (statistics)
In statistics and psychometrics, reliability is the overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions:"It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that might be embedded in the scores. Scores that are highly reliable are precise, reproducible, and consistent from one testing occasion to another. That is, if the testing process were repeated with a group of test takers, essentially the same results would be obtained. Various kinds of reliability coefficients, with values ranging between 0.00 (much error) and 1.00 (no error), are usually used to indicate the amount of error in the scores." For example, measurements of people's height and weight are often extremely reliable.The Marketing Accountability Standards Board (MASB) endorses this definition as part of its ongoinCommon Language: Marketing Activities and Metrics P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coefficient Of Determination
In statistics, the coefficient of determination, denoted ''R''2 or ''r''2 and pronounced "R squared", is the proportion of the variation in the dependent variable that is predictable from the independent variable(s). It is a statistic used in the context of statistical models whose main purpose is either the prediction of future outcomes or the testing of hypotheses, on the basis of other related information. It provides a measure of how well observed outcomes are replicated by the model, based on the proportion of total variation of outcomes explained by the model. There are several definitions of ''R''2 that are only sometimes equivalent. One class of such cases includes that of simple linear regression where ''r''2 is used instead of ''R''2. When only an intercept is included, then ''r''2 is simply the square of the sample correlation coefficient (i.e., ''r'') between the observed outcomes and the observed predictor values. If additional regressors are included, ''R''2 i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goodman And Kruskal's Lambda
In probability theory and statistics, Goodman & Kruskal's lambda (\lambda) is a measure of proportional reduction in error in cross tabulation analysis. For any sample with a nominal independent variable and dependent variable (or ones that can be treated nominally), it indicates the extent to which the modal categories and frequencies for each value of the independent variable differ from the overall modal category and frequency, i.e., for all values of the independent variable together. \lambda is defined by the equation :\lambda = \frac. where :\varepsilon_1 is the overall non-modal frequency, and :\varepsilon_2 is the sum of the non-modal frequencies for each value of the independent variable. Values for lambda range from zero (no association between independent and dependent variables) to one ( perfect association). Weaknesses Although Goodman and Kruskal's lambda is a simple way to assess the association between variables, it yields a value of 0 (no association) whenever ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bruce Cooil
Bruce Cooil (born 1953) is The Dean Samuel B. and Evelyn R. Richmond Professor of Management at Vanderbilt University in the Owen Graduate School of Management. His main areas of research are statistical modelling and its application to decrease mortality and morbidity rates due to coronary heart disease and what can be done to improve the healthcare of impoverished regions like Mozambique. Life and work Cooil was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1953. Cooil received his BSc in Mathematics at Stanford University in 1975, MSc in Statistics at Stanford University in 1976, and PhD in Statistics at the University of Pennsylvania in 1982 before joining Vanderbilt University's faculty in 1982. In addition to Cooil's statistical modeling research in healthcare, his statistical modeling research in business marketing focuses on customer loyalty issues where he received a number of awards for his findings in the fallacy of the Net Promoter customer loyalty metric, and in predicting changes in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's alpha (Cronbach's \alpha), also known as tau-equivalent reliability (\rho_T) or coefficient alpha (coefficient \alpha), is a reliability coefficient that provides a method of measuring internal consistency of tests and measures. Numerous studies warn against using it unconditionally, and note that reliability coefficients based on structural equation modeling (SEM) are in many cases a suitable alternative.Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach's alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 107–120. Green, S. B., & Yang, Y. (2009). Commentary on coefficient alpha: A cautionary tale. Psychometrika, 74(1), 121–135. Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2009). Coefficients alpha, beta, omega, and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma. Psychometrika, 74(1), 145–154. Cho, E., & Kim, S. (2015). Cronbach's coefficient alpha: Well known but poorly understood. Organizational Research Methods, 18(2), 207–230. Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. A. (2017). Thank ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ben J
New Boyz was a hip-hop duo that consisted of rappers Earl "Ben J" Benjamin and Dominic "Legacy" Thomas. They debuted in the spring of 2009 with their viral hit " You're a Jerk" taken from their 2009 debut studio album '' Skinny Jeanz and a Mic''. The song peaked in the top thirty of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, and it was the first song to bring the jerkin' style to the national forefront. A second single, " Tie Me Down" featuring Ray J, was also successful and peaked in the top thirty in Early 2010. In May 2011, their second and final studio album, '' Too Cool to Care'', was released. It includes the top 40 hits " Backseat", featuring The Cataracs and Dev, and "Better with the Lights Off" featuring Chris Brown. The New Boyz have also been featured on Hot Chelle Rae's song " I Like It Like That", which peaked at No. 28 on the Hot 100. History 2005–2008: Early life and formation Benjamin and Thomas met as freshmen at Hesperia High School. The two were originally rivals, but ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comparison Of Assessments
Comparison or comparing is the act of evaluating two or more things by determining the relevant, comparable characteristics of each thing, and then determining which characteristics of each are similar to the other, which are different, and to what degree. Where characteristics are different, the differences may then be evaluated to determine which thing is best suited for a particular purpose. The description of similarities and differences found between the two things is also called a comparison. Comparison can take many distinct forms, varying by field: To compare things, they must have characteristics that are similar enough in relevant ways to merit comparison. If two things are too different to compare in a useful way, an attempt to compare them is colloquially referred to in English as "comparing apples and oranges." Comparison is widely used in society, in science and in the arts. General usage Comparison is a natural activity, which even animals engage in when dec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
