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Proofs
Proof most often refers to: * Proof (truth), argument or sufficient evidence for the truth of a proposition * Alcohol proof, a measure of an alcoholic drink's strength Proof may also refer to: Mathematics and formal logic * Formal proof, a construct in proof theory * Mathematical proof, a convincing demonstration that some mathematical statement is necessarily true * Proof complexity, computational resources required to prove statements * Proof procedure, method for producing proofs in proof theory * Proof theory, a branch of mathematical logic that represents proofs as formal mathematical objects * Statistical proof, demonstration of degree of certainty for a hypothesis Law and philosophy * Evidence, information which tends to determine or demonstrate the truth of a proposition * Evidence (law), tested evidence or a legal proof * Legal burden of proof, duty to establish the truth of facts in a trial * Philosophic burden of proof, obligation on a party in a dispute to pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematical Proof
A mathematical proof is an inferential argument for a mathematical statement, showing that the stated assumptions logically guarantee the conclusion. The argument may use other previously established statements, such as theorems; but every proof can, in principle, be constructed using only certain basic or original assumptions known as axioms, along with the accepted rules of inference. Proofs are examples of exhaustive deductive reasoning which establish logical certainty, to be distinguished from empirical arguments or non-exhaustive inductive reasoning which establish "reasonable expectation". Presenting many cases in which the statement holds is not enough for a proof, which must demonstrate that the statement is true in ''all'' possible cases. A proposition that has not been proved but is believed to be true is known as a conjecture, or a hypothesis if frequently used as an assumption for further mathematical work. Proofs employ logic expressed in mathematical symbols ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proof Complexity
In logic and theoretical computer science, and specifically proof theory and computational complexity theory, proof complexity is the field aiming to understand and analyse the computational resources that are required to prove or refute statements. Research in proof complexity is predominantly concerned with proving proof-length lower and upper bounds in various propositional proof systems. For example, among the major challenges of proof complexity is showing that the Frege system, the usual propositional calculus, does not admit polynomial-size proofs of all tautologies. Here the size of the proof is simply the number of symbols in it, and a proof is said to be of polynomial size if it is polynomial in the size of the tautology it proves. Systematic study of proof complexity began with the work of Stephen Cook and Robert Reckhow (1979) who provided the basic definition of a propositional proof system from the perspective of computational complexity. Specifically Cook and Reckhow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proof (truth)
A proof is sufficient evidence or a sufficient argument for the truth of a proposition. The concept applies in a variety of disciplines, with both the nature of the evidence or justification and the criteria for sufficiency being area-dependent. In the area of oral and written communication such as conversation, dialog, rhetoric, etc., a proof is a persuasive perlocutionary speech act, which demonstrates the truth of a proposition. In any area of mathematics defined by its assumptions or axioms, a proof is an argument establishing a theorem of that area via accepted rules of inference starting from those axioms and from other previously established theorems. The subject of logic, in particular proof theory, formalizes and studies the notion of formal proof. In some areas of epistemology and theology, the notion of justification plays approximately the role of proof, while in jurisprudence the corresponding term is evidence, with "burden of proof" as a concept common to both ph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proofreading
Proofreading is the reading of a galley proof or an electronic copy of a publication to find and correct reproduction errors of text or art. Proofreading is the final step in the editorial cycle before publication. Professional Traditional method A "galley proof" (familiarly, "a proof") is a typeset version of copy or a manuscript document. It may contain typographical errors ("printer's errors"), as a result of human error during typesetting. Traditionally, a proofreader looks at an increment of text on the copy, compares it to the corresponding typeset increment, and then marks any errors (sometimes called "line edits") using standard proofreaders' marks. Unlike copy editing, the defining procedure of a proofreading service is to work directly with two sets of information at the same time. Proofs are then returned to the typesetter for correction. Correction-cycle proofs will typically have one descriptive term, such as "bounce", "bump", or "revise" unique to the departmen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proof Theory
Proof theory is a major branchAccording to Wang (1981), pp. 3–4, proof theory is one of four domains mathematical logic, together with model theory, axiomatic set theory, and recursion theory. Jon Barwise, Barwise (1978) consists of four corresponding parts, with part D being about "Proof Theory and Constructive Mathematics". of mathematical logic that represents Mathematical proof, proofs as formal mathematical objects, facilitating their analysis by mathematical techniques. Proofs are typically presented as Recursive data type, inductively-defined data structures such as list (computer science), lists, boxed lists, or Tree (data structure), trees, which are constructed according to the axioms and rule of inference, rules of inference of the logical system. Consequently, proof theory is syntax (logic), syntactic in nature, in contrast to model theory, which is Formal semantics (logic), semantic in nature. Some of the major areas of proof theory include structural proof theory, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galley Proof
In printing and publishing, proofs are the preliminary versions of publications meant for review by authors, editors, and proofreaders, often with extra-wide margins. Galley proofs may be uncut and unbound, or in some cases electronically transmitted. They are created for proofreading and copyediting purposes, but may also be used for promotional and review purposes. Historical galley proofs Proof, in the typographical sense, is a term that dates to around 1600. The primary goal of proofing is to create a tool for verification that the job is accurate. All needed or suggested changes are physically marked on paper proofs or electronically marked on electronic proofs by the author, editor, and proofreaders. The compositor, typesetter, or printer receives the edited copies, corrects and re-arranges the type or the pagination, and arranges for the press workers to print the final or published copies. Galley proofs or galleys are so named because in the days of hand-set letter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Formal Proof
In logic and mathematics, a formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (called well-formed formulas in the case of a formal language), each of which is an axiom, an assumption, or follows from the preceding sentences in the sequence by a rule of inference. It differs from a natural language argument in that it is rigorous, unambiguous and mechanically verifiable. If the set of assumptions is empty, then the last sentence in a formal proof is called a theorem of the formal system. The notion of theorem is not in general effective, therefore there may be no method by which we can always find a proof of a given sentence or determine that none exists. The concepts of Fitch-style proof, sequent calculus and natural deduction are generalizations of the concept of proof. The theorem is a syntactic consequence of all the well-formed formulas preceding it in the proof. For a well-formed formula to qualify as part of a proof, it must be the result of applying a rule of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proof Test
A proof test is a form of stress test to demonstrate the fitness of a load-bearing structure. An individual proof test may apply only to the unit tested, or to its design in general for mass-produced items. Such a structure is often subjected to loads above that expected in actual use, demonstrating safety and design margin. Proof testing is nominally a nondestructive test, particularly if both design margins and test levels are well-chosen. However, unit failures are by definition considered to have been destroyed for their originally-intended use and load levels. Proof tests may be performed before a new design or unit is allowed to enter service, or perform additional uses, or to verify that an existing unit is still functional as intended.Test intervals for in-service ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hal Clement
Harry Clement Stubbs (May 30, 1922 – October 29, 2003), better known by the pen name Hal Clement, was an American science fiction writer and a leader of the hard science fiction subgenre. He also painted astronomically oriented artworks under the name George Richard. In 1998 Clement was inducted by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame and named the 17th SFWA Grand Master by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (presented in 1999). Biography Harry Clement Stubbs was born in Somerville, Massachusetts on May 30, 1922. He went to Harvard, graduating with a B.S. in astronomy in 1943. While there he wrote his first published story, "Proof", which appeared in the June 1942 issue of '' Astounding Science Fiction'', edited by John W. Campbell; three more appeared in later 1942 numbers. His further educational background includes an M.Ed. (Boston University 1946) and M.S. in chemistry (Simmons College 1963). During World War II Clement was a pilot and copi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proof (comics)
''Proof'' is an American comic book series, published by Image Comics and created by writer Alex Grecian and artist Riley Rossmo. The story concerns John "Proof" Prufrock, a sasquatch, who works for a secret government organization. He hunts cryptids with his partner, Ginger Brown, and seeks clues to his past. The book was influenced by ''The X-Files'' and Tarzan. The first issue was released on October 24, 2007. Besides individual issues and trade paperbacks, ''Proof'' is also available on the iPhone and iPod Touch. Publication history The character of Proof first appeared in "Berserker", a short story published in ''Negative Burn'' #7 (December 2006). The black-and-white story, also created by Alex Grecian and Riley Rossmo, shows Proof's battle with a skin-walker. Besides his own title, Proof appeared in 2008's ''Image Monster Pile-Up'', a one-shot anthology comic that also featured The Astounding Wolf-Man, The Perhapanauts, and Firebreather. Plot The first arc, "Goatsucke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proof (Devious Maids)
The second season of the American television comedy-drama series ''Devious Maids'' began airing on Lifetime on April 20, 2014. The season consists of 13 episodes. Plot The second season premiered on April 20, 2014. The season centers on the mystery story of Opal, the new, 40-something maid, played by Joanna P. Adler. The character is described as "reminiscent of Mrs. Danvers from Hitchcock's ''Rebecca''" and is seen as a threat to Marisol's new relationship with Nicholas. The second season also deals with Rosie working for an African-American family that is scheming to do harm to an elderly man she's hired to act as a caregiver, Zoila dealing with her estrangement from her husband Pablo while her daughter Valentina tries to distance herself from Remi and Zoila while trying to downplay the attention of pool boy Ethan, both of whom, along with a new body guard, Tony, are hired by Adrian and Evelyn Powell in the wake of a series of robberies that leads to deadly consequences for Alej ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sam Proof
Samuel Proof (born May 24, 1973) is an American actor and writer known for his role as Raz on the television series ''Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!'', and for his award-nominated webseries ''The Sam Proof Show'' and ''The Path to Publication''. Proof was born in New Jersey and raised in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, where he attended Lower Merion High School. He moved to Los Angeles in January 2000. While in Los Angeles, he has spent many years in the entertainment industry working on independent films and both reality and documentary television shows. Ford Motor Company, Ford selected Proof as a Fiesta Agent for the 2011 Ford Fiesta Movement. Moderated the 'Celebrate the Web 2' Forum in San Diego, Comic Con 2010 Filmography Stage References External links *Official Sam Proof Site * Video Interview Mahalo daily] ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
