Post Irradiation Examination

	Post Irradiation Examination Post Irradiation Examination (PIE) is the study of used nuclear materials such as nuclear fuel. It has several purposes. It is known that by examination of used fuel that the failure modes which occur during normal use (and the manner in which the fuel will behave during an accident) can be studied. In addition information is gained which enables the users of fuel to assure themselves of its quality and it also assists in the development of new fuels. After major accidents the core (or what is left of it) is normally subject to PIE in order to find out what happened. One site where PIE is done is the ITU which is the EU centre for the study of highly radioactive materials. Materials in a high radiation environment (such as a reactor) can undergo unique behaviors such as swelling and non-thermal creep. If there are nuclear reactions within the material (such as what happens in the fuel), the stoichiometry will also change slowly over time. These behaviors can lead to new materia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nuclear Materials Nuclear material refers to the metals uranium, plutonium, and thorium, in any form, according to the IAEA. This is differentiated further into "source material", consisting of natural and depleted uranium, and "special fissionable material", consisting of enriched uranium (U-235), uranium-233, and plutonium-239. Uranium ore concentrates are considered to be a "source material", although these are not subject to safeguards under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. According to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC), there are four different types of regulated nuclear materials: special nuclear material, source material, byproduct material and radium. Special nuclear materials have plutonium, uranium-233 or uranium with U233 or U235 that has a content found more than in nature. Source material is thorium or uranium that has a U235 content equal to or less than what is in nature. Byproduct material is radioactive material that is not source or special nuclear material. It can be a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rim200pd250rad1300fueltemp Rim may refer to: Rim (basketball), the hoop through which the ball must pass Breakaway rim, a sprung basketball rim Rim (coin), the raised edge which surrounds the coin design Rim (crater), extending above the local surface Rim (firearms), a projection machined into the bottom of a firearms cartridge * ''Rim'' (novel), by Alexander Besher Rim (wheel), the outer part of a wheel on which the tire is mounted Slang term for analingus "Rim", a song by Brooke Candy featuring Violet Chachki and Aquaria from the album '' Sexorcism'' RIM may stand for: Rapid Interim Measures proposed by the Review Body on Bid Challenges under the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Government Procurement Reaction injection molding, a type of processing for network polymers Recording Industry Association of Malaysia Red Island Minerals, Australia coal company Reference Information Model, in Health Level Standards 7 * Remote Infrastructure Management of computer systems Research in Motion, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear chemistry is the sub-field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation and nuclear properties. It is the chemistry of radioactive elements such as the actinides, radium and radon together with the chemistry associated with equipment (such as nuclear reactors) which are designed to perform nuclear processes. This includes the corrosion of surfaces and the behavior under conditions of both normal and abnormal operation (such as during an nuclear accidents, accident). An important area is the behavior of objects and materials after being placed into a nuclear waste storage or disposal site. It includes the study of the chemical effects resulting from the absorption of radiation within living animals, plants, and other materials. The radiation chemistry controls much of radiation biology as radiation has an effect on living things at the molecular scale. To explain it another way, the rad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Nuclear Technology Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear reactors, nuclear medicine and nuclear weapons. It is also used, among other things, in smoke detectors and gun sights. History and scientific background Discovery The vast majority of common, natural phenomena on Earth only involve gravity and electromagnetism, and not nuclear reactions. This is because atomic nuclei are generally kept apart because they contain positive electrical charges and therefore repel each other. In 1896, Henri Becquerel was investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts when he discovered a new phenomenon which came to be called radioactivity. He, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie began investigating the phenomenon. In the process, they isolated the element radium, which is highly radioactive. They discovered that radioactive materials produce intense, penetrating rays of three distinct sorts, which they labeled al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Nuclear Reprocessing Nuclear reprocessing is the chemical separation of fission products and actinides from spent nuclear fuel. Originally, reprocessing was used solely to extract plutonium for producing nuclear weapons. With commercialization of nuclear power, the reprocessed plutonium was recycled back into MOX nuclear fuel for thermal reactors. The reprocessed uranium, also known as the spent fuel material, can in principle also be re-used as fuel, but that is only economical when uranium supply is low and prices are high. A breeder reactor is not restricted to using recycled plutonium and uranium. It can employ all the actinides, closing the nuclear fuel cycle and potentially multiplying the energy extracted from natural uranium by about 60 times. Reprocessing must be highly controlled and carefully executed in advanced facilities by highly specialized personnel. Fuel bundles which arrive at the sites from nuclear power plants (after having cooled down for several years) are completely dissolv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nuclear Materials Nuclear material refers to the metals uranium, plutonium, and thorium, in any form, according to the IAEA. This is differentiated further into "source material", consisting of natural and depleted uranium, and "special fissionable material", consisting of enriched uranium (U-235), uranium-233, and plutonium-239. Uranium ore concentrates are considered to be a "source material", although these are not subject to safeguards under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. According to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC), there are four different types of regulated nuclear materials: special nuclear material, source material, byproduct material and radium. Special nuclear materials have plutonium, uranium-233 or uranium with U233 or U235 that has a content found more than in nature. Source material is thorium or uranium that has a U235 content equal to or less than what is in nature. Byproduct material is radioactive material that is not source or special nuclear material. It can be a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rim200pd1000rad1000fueltemp Rim may refer to: Rim (basketball), the hoop through which the ball must pass Breakaway rim, a sprung basketball rim Rim (coin), the raised edge which surrounds the coin design Rim (crater), extending above the local surface Rim (firearms), a projection machined into the bottom of a firearms cartridge * ''Rim'' (novel), by Alexander Besher Rim (wheel), the outer part of a wheel on which the tire is mounted Slang term for analingus "Rim", a song by Brooke Candy featuring Violet Chachki and Aquaria from the album '' Sexorcism'' RIM may stand for: Rapid Interim Measures proposed by the Review Body on Bid Challenges under the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Government Procurement Reaction injection molding, a type of processing for network polymers Recording Industry Association of Malaysia Red Island Minerals, Australia coal company Reference Information Model, in Health Level Standards 7 * Remote Infrastructure Management of computer systems Research in Motion, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rim200pd500rad1000fueltemp Rim may refer to: Rim (basketball), the hoop through which the ball must pass Breakaway rim, a sprung basketball rim Rim (coin), the raised edge which surrounds the coin design Rim (crater), extending above the local surface Rim (firearms), a projection machined into the bottom of a firearms cartridge * ''Rim'' (novel), by Alexander Besher Rim (wheel), the outer part of a wheel on which the tire is mounted Slang term for analingus "Rim", a song by Brooke Candy featuring Violet Chachki and Aquaria from the album '' Sexorcism'' RIM may stand for: Rapid Interim Measures proposed by the Review Body on Bid Challenges under the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Government Procurement Reaction injection molding, a type of processing for network polymers Recording Industry Association of Malaysia Red Island Minerals, Australia coal company Reference Information Model, in Health Level Standards 7 * Remote Infrastructure Management of computer systems Research in Motion, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rim200pd250rad1600fueltemp Rim may refer to: Rim (basketball), the hoop through which the ball must pass Breakaway rim, a sprung basketball rim Rim (coin), the raised edge which surrounds the coin design Rim (crater), extending above the local surface Rim (firearms), a projection machined into the bottom of a firearms cartridge * ''Rim'' (novel), by Alexander Besher Rim (wheel), the outer part of a wheel on which the tire is mounted Slang term for analingus "Rim", a song by Brooke Candy featuring Violet Chachki and Aquaria from the album '' Sexorcism'' RIM may stand for: Rapid Interim Measures proposed by the Review Body on Bid Challenges under the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Government Procurement Reaction injection molding, a type of processing for network polymers Recording Industry Association of Malaysia Red Island Minerals, Australia coal company Reference Information Model, in Health Level Standards 7 * Remote Infrastructure Management of computer systems Research in Motion, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Rim200pd250rad1000fueltemp Rim may refer to: Rim (basketball), the hoop through which the ball must pass Breakaway rim, a sprung basketball rim Rim (coin), the raised edge which surrounds the coin design Rim (crater), extending above the local surface Rim (firearms), a projection machined into the bottom of a firearms cartridge * ''Rim'' (novel), by Alexander Besher Rim (wheel), the outer part of a wheel on which the tire is mounted Slang term for analingus "Rim", a song by Brooke Candy featuring Violet Chachki and Aquaria from the album '' Sexorcism'' RIM may stand for: Rapid Interim Measures proposed by the Review Body on Bid Challenges under the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Government Procurement Reaction injection molding, a type of processing for network polymers Recording Industry Association of Malaysia Red Island Minerals, Australia coal company Reference Information Model, in Health Level Standards 7 * Remote Infrastructure Management of computer systems Research in Motion, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Nuclear Fuel Nuclear fuel is material used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines. Heat is created when nuclear fuel undergoes nuclear fission. Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile actinide elements that are capable of undergoing and sustaining nuclear fission. The three most relevant fissile isotopes are uranium-233, uranium-235 and plutonium-239. When the unstable nuclei of these atoms are hit by a slow-moving neutron, they frequently split, creating two daughter nuclei and two or three more neutrons. In that case, the neutrons released go on to split more nuclei. This creates a self-sustaining chain reaction that is controlled in a nuclear reactor, or uncontrolled in a nuclear weapon. Alternatively, if the nucleus absorbs the neutron without splitting, it creates a heavier nucleus with one additional neutron. The processes involved in mining, refining, purifying, using, and disposing of nuclear fuel are collectively known as the nuclear fuel cycle. Not all typ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Diameters In geometry, a diameter of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints lie on the circle. It can also be defined as the longest chord of the circle. Both definitions are also valid for the diameter of a sphere. In more modern usage, the length d of a diameter is also called the diameter. In this sense one speaks of diameter rather than diameter (which refers to the line segment itself), because all diameters of a circle or sphere have the same length, this being twice the radius r. :d = 2r \qquad\text\qquad r = \frac. For a convex shape in the plane, the diameter is defined to be the largest distance that can be formed between two opposite parallel lines tangent to its boundary, and the is often defined to be the smallest such distance. Both quantities can be calculated efficiently using rotating calipers. For a curve of constant width such as the Reuleaux triangle, the width and diameter are the same because all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]