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Polish Legal System
The Polish law or legal system in Poland has been developing since the first centuries of Polish history, over 1,000 years ago. The public and private laws of Poland are codified. The supreme law in Poland is the Constitution of Poland. Poland is a civil law legal jurisdiction and has a civil code, the ''Civil Code'' of Poland. The Polish parliament creates legislation (law) and is made up of the 'Senate' (upper house) and the Sejm (lower house). Legal areas Polish public and private laws are divided into various areas, including, for example: * civil law (''prawo cywilne''), much of which is contained in the ''Polish Civil Code'' *commercial law (''prawo handlowe'') notably the ''Polish Code of Commercial Partnerships and Companies'' * copyright law (''prawo autorskie''), see copyright law in Poland for details *administrative law (''prawo administracyjne'') *constitutional law (''prawo konstytucyjne'') *private international law (''prawo prywatne międzynarodowe'') *tax ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal System
The contemporary national legal systems are generally based on one of four basic systems: civil law, common law, statutory law, religious law or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations. The science that studies law at the level of legal systems is called comparative law. Both ''civil'' (also known as ''Roman'') and ''common'' law systems can be considered the most widespread in the world: civil law because it is the most widespread by landmass and by population overall, and common law because it is employed by the greatest number of people compared to any single civil law system. Civil law The source of law that is recognized as authoritative is codifications in a constitution or statute passed by legislature, to amend a code. While the concept of codification dates back to the Code of Hammurabi in Babylon ca. 1790 BC, civil law systems derive from the Roman Empire and, more p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Law
Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a State (polity), state, namely, the executive (government), executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in federal countries History of the United States Constitution, such as the United States and Provinces of Canada, Canada, the relationship between the central government and state, provincial, or territorial governments. Not all nation states have codified constitutions, though all such states have a ''jus commune'', or law of the land, that may consist of a variety of imperative and consensual rules. These may include custom (law), customary law, Convention (norm), conventions, statutory law, precedent, judge-made law, or international law, international rules and norms. Constitutional law deals with the fundamental principles by which the government exercises its authority. In some instances, these princi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lawyers In Poland
In Poland, any person holding a Magister's degree in law (Polish: ''magister prawa'') is called a "jurist" or "lawyer" ( pl, prawnik). According to Polish legal doctrine, a lawyer should be understood as a person who graduated from law school with the aforementioned degree, even if such a person does not practice law after graduation. Lawyers Polish lawyers may work in licensed legal professions, public administration, law enforcement, tax services and governmental agencies. Additionally, since a legal entity can be represented in a court of law by its employees, companies do not employ advocates or attorneys-at-law but instead rely on in-house lawyers, counsellors or associates not admitted to the bar. Because an agent can act for any person under Polish law, some lawyers do what in the UK is done by solicitors. Thus, specialized persons write legal agreements, conduct negotiations, or execute debts. Polish law expressly permits persons with Magister's degree in law to provide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Enforcement In Poland
Law enforcement in Poland consists of the Police (''Policja''), City Guards (named in urban areas Straż Miejska or in rural areas Straż Gminna, which is a type of municipal police), and several smaller specialised agencies. The ''Prokuratura Krajowa'' (the Polish public prosecutor) and an independent judiciary also play an important role in the maintenance of law and order. History Pre 20th century During the period of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's existence, most law enforcement was undertaken by a group of nobles of varying degrees of importance who possessed private armies and who, in return for political power and a place within the nation's social hierarchy, swore their allegiance, and that of their mercenary troops, to the king. As a result of the enduring power of a number of powerful 'magnates' within the social hierarchy, relative weakness of the 'elected' monarchs and continued existence of the feudal system in Polish society, centralised rule of law and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judiciary Of Poland
The judiciary of Poland ( pl, sądownictwo w Polsce) are the authorities exercising the judicial power of the Polish state on the basis of Chapter 8 of the Constitution of Poland. As in almost all countries of continental Europe, the Polish judiciary operates within the framework of civil law. The courts (), designated by the Constitution as those exercising the administration of justice (), are the bodies that review the vast majority of cases, with the exception of those specifically assigned to the two tribunals (). The courts are formally divided into common courts () which are the courts that have jurisdiction covering all matters other than those specifically assigned to other courts (and thus include civil, commercial, labour and social insurance law disputes as well as most criminal cases), administrative courts (), which review complaints challenging the legality of administrative proceedings and their outcomes, and the military courts (), which serve as criminal cour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Promulgation
Promulgation is the formal proclamation or the declaration that a new statutory or administrative law is enacted after its final approval. In some jurisdictions, this additional step is necessary before the law can take effect. After a new law is approved, it is announced to the public through the publication of government gazettes and/or on official government websites. National laws of extraordinary importance to the public may be announced by the head of state on national broadcast. Local laws are usually announced in local newspapers and published in bulletins or compendia of municipal regulations. Jurisdiction-specific details Armenia Bills are enacted by the President of Armenia and published in the '' Official Gazette of the Republic of Armenia''. Belgium Statutes are promulgated by the King of the Belgians and published in the '' Belgian Official Journal''. Decrees and Ordinances are promulgated by the different Regional and Community governments and published in t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monitor Polski
''Monitor Polski'' ( en, Official Gazette of the Republic of Poland, abbreviated ''M. P.'' or ''MP'') is a publication of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland. The paper was launched in 1918. Between September and December 1939, the government section of the paper was published from France by the exiled government. In 1945 it continued from Poland. Since 1950, it has been published by the office of the Prime Minister to report legislation of the Parliament (Sejm). The paper has two sections: the governmental section which covers orders and decrees and non-governmental section which includes varied materials. Unlike ''Dziennik Ustaw ''Dziennik Ustaw'' or ''Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej'' ( en, Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, abbreviated Dz. U.) is the most important Polish publication of legal acts. It is the only official source of law for promulgatio ...'', the acts published in ''Monitor'' are not a source of laws or obligations on the part of Pol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dziennik Ustaw
''Dziennik Ustaw'' or ''Dziennik Ustaw Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej'' ( en, Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland, abbreviated Dz. U.) is the most important Polish publication of legal acts. It is the only official source of law for promulgation of Polish laws. The publication of this journal is solely the responsibility of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland. 'Dziennik Ustaw' traces its history to the 1918 'Dziennik Praw Królestwa Polskiego' ( en, Journal of Laws of the Kingdom of Poland) and has changed its name several times during its existence. According to Article 122 of the Constitution of Poland of 1997, ''The President of the Republic shall sign a bill within 21 days of its submission and shall order its promulgation in the Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland (Dziennik Ustaw) The matter is further regulated by articles 87 and 234 of the constitution, as well as by the Article 9 of the ''Act on Publishing Normative Acts and Several Other Legal Acts'' of 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Media Law
Media may refer to: Communication * Media (communication), tools used to deliver information or data ** Advertising media, various media, content, buying and placement for advertising ** Broadcast media, communications delivered over mass electronic communication networks ** Digital media, electronic media used to store, transmit, and receive digitized information ** Electronic media, communications delivered via electronic or electromechanical energy ** Hypermedia, media with hyperlinks ** Interactive media, media that is interactive ** Mass media, technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication ** MEDIA Programme, a European Union initiative to support the European audiovisual sector ** Multimedia, communications that incorporate multiple forms of information content and processing ** New media, the combination of traditional media and computer and communications technology ** News media, mass media focused on communicating news ** Print media, communication ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Water Law
Water resources law (in some jurisdictions, shortened to "water law") is the field of law dealing with the ownership, control, and use of water as a resource. It is most closely related to property law, and is distinct from Water quality law, laws governing water quality. Waters subject to regulation Water is ubiquitous and does not respect political boundaries. Water resources laws may apply to any portion of the hydrosphere over which claims may be made to appropriate or maintain the water to serve some purpose. Such waters include, but are not limited to: *Surface waters—lakes, rivers, streams, oceans, and wetlands; *Surface runoff—generally water that flows across the land from rain, floodwaters, and snowmelt before those waters reach watercourses, lakes, wetlands, or oceans; *Groundwater—particularly water present in aquifers. History The history of people's relation to water illustrates varied approaches to the management of water resources. "Lipit Ishtar and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Labour Law
Labour laws (also known as labor laws or employment laws) are those that mediate the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions, and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer, and union. Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work also through the contract for work. are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work. Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforclabour law(legislature, regulatory, or judicial). History Following the unification of the city-states in Assyria and Sumer by Sargon of Akkad into a single empire ruled from his home city circa 2334 BC, common Mesopotamian standards for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds in each city was promulgated by Naram-Sin of Akkad (c. 2254–2218 BC), Sargo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family Law
Family law (also called matrimonial law or the law of domestic relations) is an area of the law that deals with family matters and domestic relations. Overview Subjects that commonly fall under a nation's body of family law include: * Marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships: ** Entry into legally recognized spousal and domestic relationships ** The termination of legally recognized family relationships and ancillary matters, including divorce, annulment, property settlements, alimony, child custody and visitation, child support and alimony awards **Prenuptial and Postnuptial agreements * Adoption: proceedings to adopt a child and, in some cases, an adult. * Surrogacy: the law and process of giving birth as a surrogate mother * Child protective proceedings: court proceedings that may result from state intervention in cases of child abuse and child neglect * Juvenile law: Matters relating to minors including status offenses, delinquency, emancipation and juvenile ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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