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Plano Collor
The Collor Plan ( pt, Plano Collor), is the name given to a collection of economic reforms and inflation-stabilization plans carried out in Brazil during the presidency of Fernando Collor de Mello, between 1990 and 1992. The plan was officially called ''New Brazil Plan'' (Portuguese: ''Plano Brasil Novo''), but it became closely associated with Collor himself, and "Plano Collor" became its de facto name. The Collor plan combined fiscal and trade liberalization with radical inflation stabilization measures.Welch, John H. Birch, Melissa. Smith, RusselECONOMICS: BRAZIL Library of Congress. December 30, 2004. Retrieved on September 8, 2007. The main inflation stabilization was coupled with an industrial and foreign trade reform program, the ''Industrial and Foreign Trade Policy'' (Portuguese: ''Política Industrial e de Comércio Exterior''), better known as PICE, and a privatization program dubbed the "National Privatization Program" (Portuguese: ''Programa Nacional de Desestatizaçã ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keynesian
Keynesian economics ( ; sometimes Keynesianism, named after British economist John Maynard Keynes) are the various macroeconomic theories and models of how aggregate demand (total spending in the economy) strongly influences economic output and inflation. In the Keynesian view, aggregate demand does not necessarily equal the productive capacity of the economy. Instead, it is influenced by a host of factors – sometimes behaving erratically – affecting production, employment, and inflation. Keynesian economists generally argue that aggregate demand is volatile and unstable and that, consequently, a market economy often experiences inefficient macroeconomic outcomes – a recession, when demand is low, or inflation, when demand is high. Further, they argue that these economic fluctuations can be mitigated by economic policy responses coordinated between government and central bank. In particular, fiscal policy actions (taken by the government) and monetary policy actions (tak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plano Real
The Plano Real ("Real Plan",The word ''real'' in Portuguese could be translated either to ''real'' or ''royal'' in English. The name of the plan comes from the name of the currency which was chosen to give the idea of a stable and credible purchasing power. in English) was a set of measures taken to stabilize the Brazilian economy in 1994, during the presidency of Itamar Franco. Its architects were led by the Minister of Finance and succeeding president Fernando Henrique Cardoso. The Plano Real was based on an analysis of the root causes of hyperinflation in the '' New Republic'' of Brazil, that concluded that there was both an issue of fiscal policy and severe, widespread inertial inflation. The Plano Real intended to stabilize the domestic currency in nominal terms after a string of failed plans to control inflation. Background According to economists, one of the causes of inflation in Brazil was the inertial inflation phenomenon. Prices were adjusted on a daily basis accord ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gustavo Krause
Gustavo is the Latinate form of a Germanic male given name with respective prevalence in Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian. It has been a common name for Swedish monarchs since the reign of Gustav Vasa. It is derived from Gustav /ˈɡʊstɑːv/, also spelled Gustaf, of Old Swedish origin, meaning “staff of the Gods/Goths” or “great royal staff” or "staff of the Geats", derived from the Old Norse elements Gautr ("Geat") and stafr ("staff"). Other Swedish variants/derivatives: Gösta, Göstav, Gustafsson, Gustavsson. Such a name is also etymologically indicative of a Slavonic origin (through Swedish) from "Gostislav", a compound word from Old Slavic "Gost'" ("guest") and "slava" ("glory"). Other Slavonic variants/derivatives: Goslav, Gustaw, Gusti, Gustik, Gusty. Such a name in the United States also bears diminutive forms in English, which serve as nick names: Gus, Gussie, Gussy, Goose. To avoid confusion, note that these nick names are also commonly used for a different c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution, headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 190 countries. Its stated mission is "working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world." Formed in 1944, started on 27 December 1945, at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes, it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international monetary system. It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises. Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money. , the fund had XDR 477 billion (a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedro Malan
Pedro Sampaio Malan (born 1943 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian economist and former Minister of Finance of Brazil. He is the father of journalist and correspondent Cecília Malan. Early life Pedro Sampaio Malan was born in 1943 in Petropolis, a town named in honor of Dom Pedro II to the north of Rio de Janeiro. Malan was educated in a Jesuit school before studying electrical engineering at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. While working as a research associate at Rio's Institute of Applied Economic Research he first met the U.S. economics teacher Albert Fishlow, who would in 1973 be his adviser for his doctorate in economics from the University of California, Berkeley. His thesis was ''Brazil's Place in the International Economy''. Malan continued to live in the USA working for various multilateral agencies until 1993. Brazilian Central Bank Malan returned to Brazil in 1993 at the request of the then finance minister Fernando Henrique Cardoso, who a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territories, nine Minor Outlying Islands, and 326 Indian reservations. The United States is also in free association with three Pacific Island sovereign states: the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and the Republic of Palau. It is the world's third-largest country by both land and total area. It shares land borders with Canada to its north and with Mexico to its south and has maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations. With a population of over 333 million, it is the most populous country in the Americas and the third most populous in the world. The national capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. and its most populous city and principal financial center is New York City. Paleo-Americ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georgetown University
Georgetown University is a private university, private research university in the Georgetown (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded by Bishop John Carroll (archbishop of Baltimore), John Carroll in 1789 as Georgetown College (Georgetown University), Georgetown College, the university has grown to comprise eleven Undergraduate education, undergraduate and Postgraduate education, graduate schools, including the School of Foreign Service, Walsh School of Foreign Service, McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Medical School, Georgetown University Law Center, Law School, and a Georgetown University in Qatar, campus in Qatar. The school's main campus, on a hill above the Potomac River, is identifiable by its flagship Healy Hall, a National Historic Landmark. The school was founded by and is affiliated with the Society of Jesus, and is the oldest Catholic institution of higher education in the United States, though the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Overnight Rate
The overnight rate is generally the interest rate that large banks use to borrow and lend from one another in the overnight market. In some countries (the United States, for example), the overnight rate may be the rate targeted by the central bank to influence monetary policy. In most countries, the central bank is also a participant on the overnight lending market, and will lend or borrow money to some group of banks. There may be a published overnight rate that represents an average of the rates at which banks lend to each other; certain types of overnight operations may be limited to qualified banks. The precise name of the overnight rate will vary from country to country. Background Throughout the course of a day, banks will transfer money to each other, to foreign banks, to large clients, and other counterparties on behalf of clients or on their own account. At the end of each working day, a bank may have a surplus or shortage of funds (or a shortage or excess reserves in fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mário Henrique Simonsen
Mário Henrique Simonsen (c. 1935 – 9 February 1997) was a Brazilian economist, who served as Brazil's finance minister from 1974 to 1979. Simonsen was appointed Brazil's finance minister by President Ernesto Geisel with instructions to reduce the country's runaway inflation rate. Despite Simonsen's efforts, the official inflation rate had risen to 40% ''per annum'' in 1979 and he was shifted to Planning Minister. He was succeeded by Antonio Delfim Netto, with whom he had an uneasy relationship due to the latter's inclination to increase borrowing, and hence inflation. Simonsen resigned from Cabinet in 1980 and became a director of Citicorp, a position he held until 1995 when he was forced by ill-health to retire. He was a chronic heavy smoker and suffered from emphysema. Other interests Simonsen was an excellent baritone and an opera aficionado. Family He was married to Iluska Pereira da Cunha Simonsen Iluska Pereira da Cunha Simonsen (22 February 1941 – 28 March 201 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira
Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira (born 30 June 1934) is a Brazilian economist and social scientist. He teaches at the Getulio Vargas Foundation, in São Paulo. Since 1981, he has edited the ''Brazilian Journal of Political Economy''. Bresser-Pereira served as finance minister in the late 1980s, and in this capacity he proposed what would be eventually the Plan Brady (Brady Bond) which solved the 1980s’ major foreign debt crisis. He was minister of public administration (1995–1998) and of science and technology (1999). His work as economist is currently focused, on the theoretical side, on new developmentalism, development macroeconomics, the methodological critique of neoclassical economics, the theory of the democratic, social, and developmental state, and on the critique of neoliberalism; and, on the applied side, the Economy of Brazil and its society. Career Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira was born in 1934 in São Paulo. His bachelor's degree was in Law by the University of S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
