Plagiopylea

	Plagiopylea The plagiopylids are a small order of ciliates, including a few forms common in anaerobic habitats. The body cilia are dense, and arise from monokinetids with an entirely unique ultrastructure; one or two rows of dikinetids run into the oral cavity, which takes the form of a groove, with a deep tube lined by oral cilia leading to the mouth. The order was introduced by Eugen Small and Denis Lynn in 1985, who treated it as a subclass of Oligohymenophorea. Since then they tend to be treated as an independent class, possibly affiliated with the Colpodea. Class Plagiopylea is divided into two clades: one contains members of the order Plagiopylida (like '' Plagiopyla frontata'' and '' Trimyema compressum'') and the second clade contains plagiopylean ciliate associated with denitrifying obligate endosymbiont An ''endosymbiont'' or ''endobiont'' is any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism most often, though not always, in a mutualistic relationship. (The t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Ciliate The ciliates are a group of alveolates characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagellum, eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different wikt:undulating, undulating pattern than flagella. Cilia occur in all members of the group (although the peculiar Suctoria only have them for part of their biological life cycle, life cycle) and are variously used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation. Ciliates are an important group of protists, common almost anywhere there is water—in lakes, ponds, oceans, rivers, and soils. About 4,500 unique free-living species have been described, and the potential number of extant species is estimated at 27,000–40,000. Included in this number are many Ectosymbiosis, ectosymbiotic and endosymbiotic species, as well as some Obligate parasite, obligate and Facultative parasite, opportunistic parasites. Ciliate species r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Plagiopyla Frontata ''Plagiopyla'' is a genus of ciliates. It includes nine species: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-abstract/186/1/1/5095288References Further reading * Ciliate genera Plagiopylea {{ciliate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Azoamicus Ciliaticola "''Candidatus'' Azoamicus ciliaticola" is a candidate species of endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the eub62A3 group of Gammaproteobacteria, characterized for its capacity to perform denitrification within its ciliate host in anaerobic water environments. It was isolated from Lake Zug in Switzerland and described in 2021. Ecology "''Ca''. A. ciliaticola" is an obligate endosymbiont of an anaerobic freshwater ciliate from the class Plagiopylea. Endosymbiont contains highly reduced genome with 0.29 Mbp while substantial fraction of this genome is dedicated to energy production. "''Ca''. A. ciliaticola" contains complete gene set for denitrification and is thus the first observed obligate endosymbiont with such pathway. Extensive genetic potential for energy metabolism hints that the main function of the endosymbiont is to generate ATP and provide it to its ciliate host. ''Ca''. A. ciliaticola thus have functions which are similar to mitochondria, although it is not derived fr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Intramacronucleata Intramacronucleata is a subphylum of ciliates. The group is characterized by the manner in which division of the macronucleus is accomplished during binary fission of the cell. In ciliates of this subphylum, division of the macronucleus is achieved by the action of microtubules which are assembled ''inside'' the macronucleus itself. This is in contrast to heterotrich The heterotrichs are a class of ciliates. They typically have a prominent adoral zone of membranelles circling the mouth, used in locomotion and feeding, and shorter cilia on the rest of the body. Many species are highly contractile, and are ... ciliates of the subphylum Postciliodesmatophora, in which division of the macronucleus relies on microtubules formed ''outside'' the macronuclear envelope. References * * External links * Ciliate taxonomy Bikont subphyla {{Ciliate-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Monokinetid {{Short pages monitor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Dikinetid {{Short pages monitor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Oligohymenophorea The Oligohymenophorea are a large class of ciliates. There is typically a ventral groove containing the mouth and distinct oral cilia, separate from those of the body. These include a paroral membrane to the right of the mouth and membranelles, usually three in number, to its left. The cytopharynx is inconspicuous and never forms the complex cyrtos found in similar classes. Body cilia generally arise from monokinetids, with dikinetids occurring in limited distribution over part of the body. In most groups the body cilia are uniform and often dense, while the oral cilia are inconspicuous and sometimes reduced, but among the peritrichs almost the opposite is the case. Members are widely distributed, and include many free-living (typically fresh-water, but many marine) and symbiotic forms. Most are microphagous, grazing on smaller organisms swept into the mouth by the cilia, but various other feeding habits occur. In one group, the astomes, the mouth and associated structure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Colpodea The Colpodea are a class of ciliates, of about 200 species common in freshwater and soil habitats. The body cilia are typically uniform, and are supported by dikinetids of characteristic structure, with cilia on both kinetosomes. The mouth may be apical or ventral, with more or less prominent associated polykinetids. Many are asymmetrical, the cells twisting sideways and then untwisting again prior to division, which often takes place within cysts. ''Colpoda'', a kidney-shaped ciliate common in organic rich conditions, is representative. Most ciliates placed here were originally considered advanced trichostomes, on the assumption that they lacked true oral cilia. However the Bursariomorphida, large carnivorous ciliates whose oral cavity forms a deep anterior pocket, were considered heterotrichs because of their prominent oral polykinetids. The modern class was first defined by Small Small may refer to: Science and technology * SMALL, an ALGOL-like programming language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Denitrification Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate (NO3−) is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products. Facultative anaerobic bacteria perform denitrification as a type of respiration that reduces oxidized forms of nitrogen in response to the oxidation of an electron donor such as organic matter. The preferred nitrogen electron acceptors in order of most to least thermodynamically favorable include nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O) finally resulting in the production of dinitrogen (N2) completing the nitrogen cycle. Denitrifying microbes require a very low oxygen concentration of less than 10%, as well as organic C for energy. Since denitrification can remove NO3−, reducing its leaching to groundwater, it can be strategically used to treat sewage or animal residues of high nitrogen content. Denitrification can leak N2O, which is an ozone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]