|
Piotroski F-score
Piotroski F-score is a number between 0 and 9 which is used to assess strength of company's financial position. The score is used by financial investors in order to find the best value stocks (nine being the best). The score is named after Stanford accounting professor Joseph Piotroski. Calculation procedure The score is calculated based on 9 criteria divided into 3 groups. :::''Profitability'' #Return on Assets (ROA) (1 point if it is positive in the current year, 0 otherwise); #Operating Cash Flow (1 point if it is positive in the current year, 0 otherwise); #Change in Return of Assets (ROA) (1 point if ROA is higher in the current year compared to the previous one, 0 otherwise); #Accruals (1 point if Operating Cash Flow/Total Assets is higher than ROA in the current year, 0 otherwise); :::''Leverage, Liquidity and Source of Funds'' #Change in Leverage (long-term) ratio (1 point if the ratio is lower this year compared to the previous one, 0 otherwise); #Change in Current ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Investor
An investor is a person who allocates financial capital with the expectation of a future Return on capital, return (profit) or to gain an advantage (interest). Through this allocated capital most of the time the investor purchases some species of property. Types of investments include Stock, equity, Bond (finance), debt, Security (finance), securities, real estate, infrastructure, currency, commodity, Exonumia, token, derivatives such as put and call Option (finance), options, Futures contract, futures, Forward contract, forwards, etc. This definition makes no distinction between the investors in the primary and secondary markets. That is, someone who provides a business with capital and someone who buys a stock are both investors. An investor who owns stock is a shareholder. Types of investors There are two types of investors: retail investors and institutional investors. Retail investor * Individual investors (including Trust law, trusts on behalf of individuals, and umbr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Financial Ratio
A financial ratio or accounting ratio is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a firm's creditors. Financial analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies. If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios. Ratios can be expressed as a Decimal separator, decimal value, such as 0.10, or given as an equivalent percent value, such as 10%. Some ratios are usually quoted as percentages, especially ratios that are usually or always less than 1, such as earnings yield, while others are usually quoted as decimal numbers, especially ratios ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Financial Risk Management
Financial risk management is the practice of protecting economic value in a firm by using financial instruments to manage exposure to financial risk - principally operational risk, credit risk and market risk, with more specific variants as listed aside. As for risk management more generally, financial risk management requires identifying its sources, measuring it, and the plans to address them. See for an overview. Financial risk management as a "science" can be said to have been born with modern portfolio theory, particularly as initiated by Professor Harry Markowitz in 1952 with his article, "Portfolio Selection"; see . Financial risk management can be qualitative and quantitative. As a specialization of risk management, financial risk management focuses on when and how to hedge using financial instruments to manage costly exposures to risk. *In the banking sector worldwide, the Basel Accords are generally adopted by internationally active banks for tracking, reporting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Value Investing
Value investing is an investment paradigm that involves buying securities that appear underpriced by some form of fundamental analysis. The various forms of value investing derive from the investment philosophy first taught by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd at Columbia Business School in 1928, and subsequently developed in their 1934 text ''Security Analysis''. The early value opportunities identified by Graham and Dodd included stock in public companies trading at discounts to book value or tangible book value, those with high dividend yields, and those having low price-to-earning multiples, or low price-to-book ratios. High-profile proponents of value investing, including Berkshire Hathaway chairman Warren Buffett, have argued that the essence of value investing is buying stocks at less than their intrinsic value. The discount of the market price to the intrinsic value is what Benjamin Graham called the " margin of safety". For the last 25 years, under the influence of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis, in accounting and finance, is the analysis of a business's financial statements (usually to analyze the business's assets, liabilities, and earnings); health; and competitors and markets. It also considers the overall state of the economy and factors including interest rates, production, earnings, employment, GDP, housing, manufacturing and management. There are two basic approaches that can be used: bottom up analysis and top down analysis. These terms are used to distinguish such analysis from other types of investment analysis, such as quantitative and technical. Fundamental analysis is performed on historical and present data, but with the goal of making financial forecasts. There are several possible objectives: * to conduct a company stock valuation and predict its probable price evolution; * to make a projection on its business performance; * to evaluate its management and make internal business decisions and/or to calculate its credit risk; * to fin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ohlson O-score
The Ohlson O-score for predicting bankruptcy is a multi-factor financial formula postulated in 1980 by Dr. James Ohlson of the New York University Stern Accounting Department as an alternative to the Altman Z-score for predicting financial distress. Calculation of the O-score The Ohlson O-score is the result of a 9-factor linear combination of coefficient-weighted business ratios which are readily obtained or derived from the standard periodic financial disclosure statements provided by publicly traded corporations. Two of the factors utilized are widely considered to be dummies as their value and thus their impact upon the formula typically is 0. When using an O-score to evaluate the probability of company’s failure, then exp(O-score) is divided by 1 + exp(O-score). The calculation for Ohlson O-score appears below: : \begin T = & -1.32 - 0.407\log(TA_t/GNP) + 6.03\frac - 1.43\frac + 0.0757\frac \\0pt& - 1.72 X - 2.37\frac - 1.83\frac + 0.285Y - 0.521\frac \end ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beneish M-score
The Beneish model is a statistical model that uses financial ratios calculated with accounting data of a specific company in order to check if it is likely (high probability) that the reported earnings of the company have been manipulated. How to calculate The Beneish M-score is calculated using 8 variables (financial ratios): * Days Sales in Receivables Index (DSRI) DSRI = (Net Receivablest / Salest) / (Net Receivablest-1 / Salest-1) * Gross Margin Index (GMI) GMI = Salest-1 - COGSt-1) / Salest-1/ Salest - COGSt) / Salest* Asset Quality Index (AQI) AQI = - (Current Assetst + PP&Et + Securitiest) / Total Assetst/ - ((Current Assetst-1 + PP&Et-1 + Securitiest-1) / Total Assetst-1)* Sales Growth Index (SGI) SGI = Salest / Salest-1 * Depreciation Index (DEPI) DEPI = (Depreciationt-1/ (PP&Et-1 + Depreciationt-1)) / (Depreciationt / (PP&Et + Depreciationt)) * Sales General and Administrative Expenses Index (SGAI) SGAI = (SG&A Expenset / Salest) / (SG&A Expenset-1 / Sal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Altman Z-score
Example of an Excel spreadsheet that uses Altman Z-score to predict the probability that a firm will go into bankruptcy within two years ">bankruptcy.html" ;"title="probability that a firm will go into bankruptcy">probability that a firm will go into bankruptcy within two years The Z-score formula for predicting bankruptcy was published in 1968 by Edward I. Altman, who was, at the time, an Assistant Professor of Finance at New York University. The formula may be used to predict the probability that a firm will go into bankruptcy within two years. Z-scores are used to predict corporate defaults and an easy-to-calculate control measure for the financial distress status of companies in academic studies. The Z-score uses multiple corporate income and balance sheet values to measure the financial health of a company. The formula The Z-score is a linear combination of four or five common business ratios, weighted by coefficients. The coefficients were estimated by identifying a set ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Association Of Individual Investors
The American Association of Individual Investors is a nonprofit organization with about 150,000 members whose purpose is to educate individual investors regarding stock market portfolios, financial planning, and retirement accounts. AAII "assists individuals in becoming effective managers of their own assets through programs of education, information and research." The organization markets itself as an unbiased source of investment information because of its not-for-profit status. The organization was founded in 1978 by James Cloonan, Ph.D. Over the last thirty years, AAII's members report "investment returns that are consistently higher than those of the stock market as a whole" (using the S&P 500 as reference). Since 2003, AAII has maintained two real portfolios—a shadow stock portfolio and a mutual fund portfolio – for education purposes. These portfolios' returns and contents are available online and, the site reports, have outperformed the market considerably over the co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asset Turnover
Asset turnover (ATO), total asset turnover, or asset turns is a financial ratio that measures the efficiency of a company's use of its assets in generating sales revenue or sales income to the company. Asset turnover is considered to be an Activity Ratio, which is a group of financial ratios that measure how efficiently a company uses assets. Asset turnover can be further sub-divided into fixed asset turnover, which measures a company's use of its fixed assets to generate revenue, and working capital turnover, which measures a company's use of its current assets minus liabilities to generate revenue. Total asset turnover ratios can be used to calculate Return On Equity (ROE) figures as part of DuPont analysis. As a financial and activity ratio, and as part of DuPont analysis, asset turnover is a part of company fundamental analysis. Companies with low profit margins tend to have high asset turnover, while those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. Companies in the retai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Value Stocks
Value investing is an investment paradigm that involves buying securities that appear underpriced by some form of fundamental analysis. The various forms of value investing derive from the investment philosophy first taught by Benjamin Graham and David Dodd at Columbia Business School in 1928, and subsequently developed in their 1934 text '' Security Analysis''. The early value opportunities identified by Graham and Dodd included stock in public companies trading at discounts to book value or tangible book value, those with high dividend yields, and those having low price-to-earning multiples, or low price-to-book ratios. High-profile proponents of value investing, including Berkshire Hathaway chairman Warren Buffett, have argued that the essence of value investing is buying stocks at less than their intrinsic value. The discount of the market price to the intrinsic value is what Benjamin Graham called the " margin of safety". For the last 25 years, under the influence o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
_portrait_on_23_March_1950.jpg "Click for more on -> Value Stocks")