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Permanent Grant
A 999-year lease, under historic Common Law, is a Permanent Lease of property. Permanent Lease locations are in Britain, its former colonies and the Commonwealth. A former colony, the Republic of Mauritius (The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v. The State of Mauritius & Anor (Mauritius) 008UKPC 43 (30 July 2008)) established legal precedent on 30 July 2008 in respect of a 1901 'permanent lease' on the following Thirteen Islands of St. Brandon ( Cargados Carajos) : These Thirteen Islands of St. Brandon ( Cargados Carajos), Mauritius, were converted from a 1901 Permanent Lease ( 999-year_lease) to a Permanent Grant by the Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom) in 2008. The Privy Council (United Kingdom) judgment (Article 71) confirmed Raphaël Fishing Company legally as ''the holder of a permanent grant of the thirteen islands mentioned in the 1901 Deed (transcribed in Vol TB25 No 342) subject to the conditions therein referred to' See also * 99-year lease * 999-year leases in Hong Kon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
999-year Lease
A 999-year lease, under historic common law, is an essentially permanent lease of property. The lease locations are mainly in Britain, its former colonies, and the Commonwealth. A former colony, the Republic of Mauritius (''The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v. The State of Mauritius & Anor'' (Mauritius) 008UKPC 43 (30 July 2008)) established legal precedent on 30 July 2008 in respect of a 1901 'permanent lease' on the Thirteen Islands of St. Brandon (Cargados Carajos) which were adjudged as being a permanent grant by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. Examples of land subject to a 999-year lease agreement or Permanent Grant See also * 99-year lease * 999-year leases in Hong Kong 999-year leases in Hong Kong are a rare form of lease in Hong Kong. History They were almost exclusively granted from 1849 to May 1898 on Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon. Some exceptions include Hang Cheong Tai Building (1900), Cheung Ling M ... References {{Reflist Real property law C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Privy Council (United Kingdom)
The Privy Council (PC), officially His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council, is a formal body of advisers to the sovereign of the United Kingdom. Its membership mainly comprises senior politicians who are current or former members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. The Privy Council formally advises the sovereign on the exercise of the Royal Prerogative, and as a body corporate (as King-in-Council) it issues executive instruments known as Orders in Council which, among other powers, enact Acts of Parliament. The Council also holds the delegated authority to issue Orders of Council, mostly used to regulate certain public institutions. The Council advises the sovereign on the issuing of Royal Charters, which are used to grant special status to incorporated bodies, and city or borough status to local authorities. Otherwise, the Privy Council's powers have now been largely replaced by its executive committee, the Cabinet of the United Kingdom. Certain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insular Ecology
Island ecology is the study of island organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment. Islands account for nearly 1/6 of earth’s total land area,Paulay, G. 1994. Biodiversity on Oceanic Islands: Its Origin and Extinction. ''American Zoology'' 34: 134-144. yet the ecology of island ecosystems is vastly different from that of mainland communities. Their isolation and high availability of empty niches lead to increased speciation. As a result, island ecosystems comprise 30% of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, 50% of marine tropical diversity, and some of the most unusual and rare species.Gerlach, Justin. 2008Island biodiversity - issues and opportunities. World Conservation Congress Many species still remain unknown. The diversity of species on islands is highly impacted by human activities such as deforestation and introduction of the exotic species. In response, ecologists and managers are directing attention towards conservation and restoration of isl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reefs Of The Indian Ocean
A reef is a ridge or shoal of rock, coral or similar relatively stable material, lying beneath the surface of a natural body of water. Many reefs result from natural, abiotic processes— deposition of sand, wave erosion planing down rock outcrops, etc.—but there are also reefs such as the coral reefs of tropical waters formed by biotic processes dominated by corals and coralline algae, and artificial reefs such as shipwrecks and other anthropogenic underwater structures may occur intentionally or as the result of an accident, and sometimes have a designed role in enhancing the physical complexity of featureless sand bottoms, to attract a more diverse assemblage of organisms. Reefs are often quite near to the surface, but not all definitions require this. Earth's largest coral reef system is the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, at a length of over . Biotic There is a variety of biotic reef types, including oyster reefs and sponge reefs, but the most massive and widely ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islands Of St
An island (or isle) is an isolated piece of habitat that is surrounded by a dramatically different habitat, such as water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. Sedimentary islands in the Ganges delta are called chars. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands, such as the Philippines, is referred to as an archipelago. There are two main types of islands in the sea: continental and oceanic. There are also artificial islands, which are man-made. Etymology The word ''island'' derives from Middle English ''iland'', from Old English ''igland'' (from ''ig'' or ''ieg'', similarly meaning 'island' when used independently, and -land carrying its contemporary meaning; cf. Dutch ''eiland'' ("island"), German ''Eiland'' ("small island")). However, the spelling of the word w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Contract Law
A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties that creates, defines, and governs mutual rights and obligations between them. A contract typically involves the transfer of goods, services, money, or a promise to transfer any of those at a future date. In the event of a breach of contract, the injured party may seek judicial remedies such as damages or rescission. Contract law, the field of the law of obligations concerned with contracts, is based on the principle that agreements must be honoured. Contract law, like other areas of private law, varies between jurisdictions. The various systems of contract law can broadly be split between common law jurisdictions, civil law jurisdictions, and mixed law jurisdictions which combine elements of both common and civil law. Common law jurisdictions typically require contracts to include consideration in order to be valid, whereas civil and most mixed law jurisdictions solely require a meeting of the min ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Law
In law, common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions."The common law is not a brooding omnipresence in the sky, but the articulate voice of some sovereign or quasi sovereign that can be identified," ''Southern Pacific Company v. Jensen'', 244 U.S. 205, 222 (1917) (Oliver Wendell Holmes, dissenting). By the early 20th century, legal professionals had come to reject any idea of a higher or natural law, or a law above the law. The law arises through the act of a sovereign, whether that sovereign speaks through a legislature, executive, or judicial officer. The defining characteristic of common law is that it arises as precedent. Common law courts look to the past decisions of courts to synthesize the legal principles of past cases. '' Stare decisis'', the principle that cases should be decided according to consistent principled rules so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Real Property Law
Property law is the area of law that governs the various forms of ownership in real property (land) and personal property. Property refers to legally protected claims to resources, such as land and personal property, including intellectual property. Property can be exchanged through contract law, and if property is violated, one could sue under tort law to protect it. The concept, idea or philosophy of property underlies all property law. In some jurisdictions, historically all property was owned by the monarch and it devolved through feudal land tenure or other feudal systems of loyalty and fealty. History Though the Napoleonic code was among the first government acts of modern times to introduce the notion of absolute ownership into statute, protection of personal property rights was present in medieval Islamic law and jurisprudence, and in more feudalist forms in the common law courts of medieval and early modern England. Theory The word ''property'', in everyday usage, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
999-year Leases In Hong Kong
999-year leases in Hong Kong are a rare form of lease in Hong Kong. History They were almost exclusively granted from 1849 to May 1898 on Hong Kong Island and in Kowloon Kowloon () is an urban area in Hong Kong comprising the Kowloon Peninsula and New Kowloon. With a population of 2,019,533 and a population density of in 2006, it is the most populous area in Hong Kong, compared with Hong Kong Island and t .... Some exceptions include Hang Cheong Tai Building (1900), Cheung Ling Mansion (1900), Ka Yue Building (1901), Princeton Tower (1901), Lun Fung Court (1903) and the Consulate General of the United States, Hong Kong and Macau, which was granted a 999-year lease in April 1999. The US Consulate had an option to buy the plot as a freehold in its 1950 lease, but this was eliminated in 1999 in exchange for the 999-year lease. The only current freehold in all of Hong Kong belongs to St John's Cathedral, which was granted freehold in 1847 with perpetual ownership unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
99-year Lease
A 99-year lease was, under historic common law, the longest possible term of a lease of real property. It is no longer the law in most common law jurisdictions today, yet 99-year leases continue to be common as a matter of business practice and conventional wisdom. The law Under the traditional common law doctrine, the 99-year term was not literal, but merely an arbitrary time span beyond the life expectancy of any possible lessee (user) or lessor (owner). William Blackstone (1723–1780, of Commentaries on the Laws of England fame) states that a lease was formerly limited to 40 years, although much longer leases (for 300 years, or 1000 years) were in use by the time of Edward III. The 40-year limit was based on the unreliable text " The Mirror of Justices" (book 2, chapter 27). In the law of several US states, a 99-year lease will always be the longest possible contract for realty by statute, but many states have enacted shorter terms and some allow infinite terms. Due to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raphaël Fishing Company
The Raphaël Fishing Company Ltd is a Mauritian fishing company founded by its namesake Veuve Raphaël and incorporated on 7 July 1927 in Port Louis, Mauritius. The company is a commercial fisheries company which is notable under Common Law for having set legal precedent in the conversion of its -year old unlimited Jouissance (Permanent Lease/ 999-year lease) into a Permanent Grant by the Privy Council (United Kingdom) in 2008 giving it title to thirteen islands known as ''The Thirteen Islands of St Brandon'' in the Indian Ocean on the isolated archipelago of the Cargados Carajos shoals. Fishing operations Raphael Fishing Company has resident fishermen and fishing stations on the Cargados Carajos shoals. The Company provides support, victuals and infrastructure to sustain fishing and associated activities from fishing stations in St Brandon and through offices in Port Louis. Fishing operations are artisanal and carried out by fishermen in teams of two using fibre glass piro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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