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Perceptual Hashing
Perceptual hashing is the use of a fingerprinting algorithm that produces a snippet, hash, or fingerprint of various forms of multimedia. A perceptual hash is a type of locality-sensitive hash, which is analogous if features of the multimedia are similar. This is not to be confused with cryptographic hashing, which relies on the avalanche effect of a small change in input value creating a drastic change in output value. Perceptual hash functions are widely used in finding cases of online copyright infringement as well as in digital forensics because of the ability to have a correlation between hashes so similar data can be found (for instance with a differing watermark). Development The 1980 work of Marr and Hildreth is a seminal paper in this field. The July 2010 thesis of Christoph Zauner is a well-written introduction to the topic. In June 2016 Azadeh Amir Asgari published work on robust image hash spoofing. Asgari notes that perceptual hash function like any other algorit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fingerprinting Algorithm
In computer science, a fingerprinting algorithm is a procedure that maps an arbitrarily large data item (such as a computer file) to a much shorter bit string, its fingerprint, that uniquely identifies the original data for all practical purposesA. Z. Broder. Some applications of Rabin's fingerprinting method. In Sequences II: Methods in Communications, Security, and Computer Science, pages 143--152. Springer-Verlag, 1993 just as human fingerprints uniquely identify people for practical purposes. This fingerprint may be used for data deduplication purposes. This is also referred to as file fingerprinting, data fingerprinting, or structured data fingerprinting. Fingerprints are typically used to avoid the comparison and transmission of bulky data. For instance, a web browser or proxy server can efficiently check whether a remote file has been modified, by fetching only its fingerprint and comparing it with that of the previously fetched copy.Detecting duplicate and near-duplicate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Video Hash
Video fingerprinting or video hashing are a class of dimension reduction techniques in which a system identifies, extracts, and then summarizes characteristic components of a video as a unique or a set of multiple perceptual hashes, enabling that video to be uniquely identified. This technology has proven to be effective at searching and comparing video files. History and process Video fingerprinting was first developed into practical use by Philips in 2002.Oostveen, J., Kalker, T., & Haitsma, J. (2002, March). Feature extraction and a database strategy for video fingerprinting. In ''International Conference on Advances in Visual Information Systems'' (pp. 117-128). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Different methods exist for video fingerprinting. Van Oostveen relied on changes in patterns of image intensity over successive video frames. This makes the video fingerprinting robust against limited changes in color - or the transformation of color into gray scale of the original video ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Audio Fingerprinting
An acoustic fingerprint is a condensed digital summary, a fingerprint, deterministically generated from an audio signal, that can be used to identify an audio sample or quickly locate similar items in an audio database. Practical uses of acoustic fingerprinting include identifying songs, melodies, tunes, or advertisements; sound effect library management; and video file identification. Media identification using acoustic fingerprints can be used to monitor the use of specific musical works and performances on radio broadcast, records, CDs, streaming media and peer-to-peer networks. This identification has been used in copyright compliance, licensing, and other monetization schemes. Attributes A robust acoustic fingerprint algorithm must take into account the perceptual characteristics of the audio. If two files sound alike to the human ear, their acoustic fingerprints should match, even if their binary representations are quite different. Acoustic fingerprints are not h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digital Video Fingerprinting
Video fingerprinting or video hashing are a class of dimension reduction techniques in which a system identifies, extracts, and then summarizes characteristic components of a video as a unique or a set of multiple perceptual hashes, enabling that video to be uniquely identified. This technology has proven to be effective at searching and comparing video files. History and process Video fingerprinting was first developed into practical use by Philips in 2002.Oostveen, J., Kalker, T., & Haitsma, J. (2002, March). Feature extraction and a database strategy for video fingerprinting. In ''International Conference on Advances in Visual Information Systems'' (pp. 117-128). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Different methods exist for video fingerprinting. Van Oostveen relied on changes in patterns of image intensity over successive video frames. This makes the video fingerprinting robust against limited changes in color - or the transformation of color into gray scale of the original video ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reverse Image Search
Reverse image search is a content-based image retrieval (CBIR) query technique that involves providing the CBIR system with a sample image that it will then base its search upon; in terms of information retrieval, the sample image is very useful in its ways. In particular, reverse image search is characterized by a lack of search terms. This effectively removes the need for a user to guess at keywords or terms that may or may not return a correct result. Reverse image search also allows users to discover content that is related to a specific sample image, popularity of an image, and discover manipulated versions and derivative works. Uses Reverse image search may be used to: * Locate the source of an image. * Find higher resolution versions. * Discover webpages where the image appears. * Find the content creator. * Get information about an image. Algorithms Commonly used reverse image search algorithms include: * Scale-invariant feature transform - to extract local features of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geometric Hashing
In computer science, geometric hashing is a method for efficiently finding two-dimensional objects represented by discrete points that have undergone an affine transformation, though extensions exist to other object representations and transformations. In an off-line step, the objects are encoded by treating each pair of points as a geometric basis. The remaining points can be represented in an invariant fashion with respect to this basis using two parameters. For each point, its quantized transformed coordinates are stored in the hash table as a key, and indices of the basis points as a value. Then a new pair of basis points is selected, and the process is repeated. In the on-line (recognition) step, randomly selected pairs of data points are considered as candidate bases. For each candidate basis, the remaining data points are encoded according to the basis and possible correspondences from the object are found in the previously constructed table. The candidate basis is accepted ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neural Net
Artificial neural networks (ANNs), usually simply called neural networks (NNs) or neural nets, are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains. An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to other neurons. An artificial neuron receives signals then processes them and can signal neurons connected to it. The "signal" at a connection is a real number, and the output of each neuron is computed by some non-linear function of the sum of its inputs. The connections are called ''edges''. Neurons and edges typically have a ''weight'' that adjusts as learning proceeds. The weight increases or decreases the strength of the signal at a connection. Neurons may have a threshold such that a signal is sent only if the aggregate signal crosses that threshold. Typically, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Center For Missing And Exploited Children
The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) is a private, nonprofit organization established in 1984 by the United States Congress. In September 2013, the United States House of Representatives, United States Senate, and the President of the United States reauthorized the allocation of $40 million in funding for the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children as part of Missing Children's Assistance Reauthorization Act of 2013. The current chair of the organization is Jon Grosso of Kohls. NCMEC handles cases of missing or exploited children from infancy to young adults through age 20. History The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children was founded in 1984, spurred by notable child abductions such as the 1981 abduction and murder of six-year-old Adam Walsh from a shopping mall in Hollywood, Florida, and the 1979 abduction of six-year-old Etan Patz from New York City. Because police had the ability to record and track information about stolen cars, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ICloud
iCloud is a Personal cloud, cloud service from Apple Inc. launched on October 12, 2011 as a successor to MobileMe. , the service had an estimated 850 million users, up from 782 million users in 2016. iCloud enables users to sync their data to the Cloud computing, cloud, including mail, contacts, calendars, photos, notes and files, to collaborate on documents, backup an iPhone or iPad, and track lost devices. It is built into iOS, iPadOS, and macOS, and a more limited version can be downloaded for Microsoft Windows, Windows. In December 2022, Apple announced an upcoming option to enable end-to-end encryption for iCloud Backups, Photos, Notes, and more. History iCloud was announced on May 31, 2011 in a press release. On June 6, 2011, during the WWDC 2011 keynote, Steve Jobs announced that iCloud would replace MobileMe, which had been widely seen as a "failure", a fact which Steve Jobs acknowledged during the announcement. iCloud was released on October 12, 2011, and MobileMe was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Child Sexual Abuse Material
Child pornography (also called CP, child sexual abuse material, CSAM, child porn, or kiddie porn) is pornography that unlawfully exploits children for sexual stimulation. It may be produced with the direct involvement or sexual assault of a child (also known as child sexual abuse images) or it may be simulated child pornography. Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts or lascivious exhibitions of genitals or pubic areas which are recorded in the production of child pornography. Child pornography may use a variety of mediums, including writings, magazines, photos, sculpture, drawing, painting, animation, sound recording, video, and video games. Child pornography may be created for profit or other reasons. Laws regarding child pornography generally include sexual images involving prepubescents, pubescent, or post-pubescent minors and computer-generated images that appear to involve them. Most possessors of child pornography who are arrested are found to possess images of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apple Inc
Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, United States. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue (totaling in 2021) and, as of June 2022, is the world's biggest company by market capitalization, the fourth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales and second-largest mobile phone manufacturer. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Amazon, Meta, and Microsoft. Apple was founded as Apple Computer Company on April 1, 1976, by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne to develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. It was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. in 1977 and the company's next computer, the Apple II, became a best seller and one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success. The company developed computers featuring innovative graphical user inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
