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Perazine
Perazine (Taxilan) is a moderate-potency typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class. It is quite similar to chlorpromazine, and acts as a dopamine antagonist. A 2014 systematic review compared it with other antipsychotic drugs: Synthesis Phenothiazine-10-propionitrile 698-80-2(1) is treated with a mixture of acid and alcohol giving Methyl phenothiazinepropionateCID:368244(2). Heating with 1-methylpiperazine (3) gives the amide 1508-47-3(4). Reduction of this last by means of diborane Diborane(6), generally known as diborane, is the chemical compound with the formula B2H6. It is a toxic, colorless, and pyrophoric gas with a repulsively sweet odor. Diborane is a key boron compound with a variety of applications. It has attracte ... yields ''Perazine'' (5). See also * Carphenazine * Dixyrazine * Methdilazine * Pipamazine References External links * Typical antipsychotics Phenothiazines {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perazine Synthesis
Perazine (Taxilan) is a moderate-potency typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine class. It is quite similar to chlorpromazine, and acts as a dopamine antagonist. A 2014 systematic review compared it with other antipsychotic drugs: Synthesis Phenothiazine-10-propionitrile 698-80-2(1) is treated with a mixture of acid and alcohol giving Methyl phenothiazinepropionateCID:368244(2). Heating with 1-methylpiperazine (3) gives the amide 1508-47-3(4). Reduction of this last by means of diborane yields ''Perazine'' (5). See also * Carphenazine *Dixyrazine *Methdilazine Methdilazine (Dilosyn, Tacaryl) is a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties of the phenothiazine class. Synthesis See also * Phenothiazine Phenothiazine, abbreviated PTZ, is an organic compound that has the formula ... * Pipamazine References External links * Typical antipsychotics Phenothiazines {{nervous-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antipsychotic
Antipsychotics, also known as neuroleptics, are a class of Psychiatric medication, psychotropic medication primarily used to manage psychosis (including delusions, hallucinations, paranoia or disordered thought), principally in schizophrenia but also in a range of other psychotic disorders. They are also the mainstay together with mood stabilizers in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Prior research has shown that use of any antipsychotic is associated with smaller brain tissue volumes, including white matter reduction and that this brain shrinkage is dose dependent and time dependent. A more recent controlled trial suggests that second generation antipsychotics combined with intensive psychosocial therapy may potentially prevent pallidal brain volume loss in first episode psychosis. The use of antipsychotics may result in many unwanted side effects such as Extrapyramidal symptoms, involuntary movement disorders, gynecomastia, impotence, weight gain and metabolic syndrome. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dopamine Antagonist
A dopamine antagonist, also known as an anti-dopaminergic and a dopamine receptor antagonist (DRA), is a type of drug which blocks dopamine receptors by receptor antagonism. Most antipsychotics are dopamine antagonists, and as such they have found use in treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and stimulant psychosis. Several other dopamine antagonists are antiemetics used in the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Receptor pharmacology Dopamine receptors are all G protein–coupled receptors, and are divided into two classes based on which G-protein they are coupled to. The D1-like class of dopamine receptors is coupled to Gαs/olf and stimulates adenylate cyclase production, whereas the D2-like class is coupled to Gαi/o and thus inhibits adenylate cyclase production. D1-like receptors: D1 and D5 D1-like receptors – D1 and D5 are always found post-synaptically. The genes coding these receptors lack introns, so there are no splice variants. D1 receptors * D1 receptors are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typical Antipsychotic
Typical antipsychotics (also known as major tranquilizers, and first generation antipsychotics) are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis (in particular, schizophrenia). Typical antipsychotics may also be used for the treatment of acute mania, agitation, and other conditions. The first typical antipsychotics to come into medical use were the phenothiazines, namely chlorpromazine which was discovered serendipitously. Another prominent grouping of antipsychotics are the butyrophenones, an example of which is haloperidol. The newer, second-generation antipsychotics, also known as atypical antipsychotics, have largely supplanted the use of typical antipsychotics as first-line agents due to the higher risk of movement disorders in the latter. Both generations of medication tend to block receptors in the brain's dopamine pathways, but atypicals at the time of marketing were claimed to differ from typical antipsychotics in that they are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection). Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of pharmacology, being itself a topic of biology interested in the study of the interactions between both endogenous and exogenous chemical substances with living organisms. In particular, pharmacodynamics is the study of how a drug affects an organism, whereas pharmacokinetics is the study of how the organism affects the drug. Both together influence dosing, benefit, and adverse effects. Pharmacodynamics is sometimes abbreviated as PD and pharmacokinetics as PK, especially in combined reference (for example, when speaking of PK/PD models). Pharmacodynamics places particular emphasis on dose–response relationships, that is, the relationships between d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pipamazine
Pipamazine (INN; trade names Mornidine, Mometine, Nausidol) is a drug of the phenothiazine class formerly used as an antiemetic. It is chemically related to chlorpromazine, but has negligible antipsychotic activity and produces few extrapyramidal side effects. Pipamazine was introduced to the U.S. market in 1959 by G. D. Searle & Company. It was advertised for morning sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting, and was claimed to reduce the need for postoperative analgesia. Advertisement. It was eventually withdrawn from the U.S. market in 1969, after reports of hepatotoxicity (liver injury). There is very little published information on pipamazine; it is mostly absent from modern-day sources, apart from a few passing mentions in the pharmacological literature. Adverse effects Mornidine advertisements for postoperative recovery claimed "unusually low side effects". However, contemporary comparative trials found that hypotension (low blood pressure) was a substantial concern w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methdilazine
Methdilazine (Dilosyn, Tacaryl) is a first-generation antihistamine with anticholinergic properties of the phenothiazine class. Synthesis See also * Phenothiazine Phenothiazine, abbreviated PTZ, is an organic compound that has the formula S(C6H4)2NH and is related to the thiazine-class of heterocyclic compounds. Derivatives of phenothiazine are highly bioactive and have widespread use and rich history. T ... References * * * The ring-contracted analog, methdilazine shows only very weak activity as a tranquilizer; instead, that agent constitutes an important antihistamine. Phenothiazines Pyrrolidines H1 receptor antagonists {{respiratory-system-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dixyrazine
Dixyrazine, also known as dixypazin (oxalate), sold under the brand names Ansiolene, Esocalm, Esucos, Metronal, and Roscal, is a typical antipsychotic of the phenothiazine group described as a neuroleptic and antihistamine. It was first introduced in Germany in 1969. It is used as a neuroleptic, anxiolytic, and antihistamine in doses between 12.5 and 75 mg a day. Synthesis Sodamide alkylation of phenothiazine Phenothiazine, abbreviated PTZ, is an organic compound that has the formula S(C6H4)2NH and is related to the thiazine-class of heterocyclic compounds. Derivatives of phenothiazine are highly bioactive and have widespread use and rich history. T ... (1) with 1-bromo-3-chloro-2-methylpropane 974-77-2(2) gives 10-(3-Chloro-2-methylpropyl)phenothiazineCID:12299119(3). Completion of the sidechain by alkylation with 1- -(2-Hydroxyethoxy) Ethyliperazine 3349-82-1(4) and displacement of the halogen completes the synthesis of ''Dixyrazine'' (5). References Primar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carphenazine
Carfenazine (INN) (former developmental code name WY-2445), or carphenazine ( BAN), also known as carphenazine maleate (USAN) (brand name Proketazine; former developmental code name NSC-71755), is an antipsychotic and tranquilizer of the phenothiazine group that was withdrawn from the market. Synthesis The alkylation reaction between 2-Propionyl Phenothiazine 2-33-1(1) and 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane (2) gives 1- 0-(3-chloropropyl)phenothiazin-2-ylropan-1-one 5157-45-2(3). A second alkylation step, this time with 2-(1-Piperazinyl)ethanol 03-76-4(4) completes the synthesis of ''Carfenazine'' (5). NB: Although above procedure is proof-of-concept, bear in mind no protecting group Analogues * Butaperazine uses butanoyl ( Butyryl) and not propanoyl group. *Fluphenazine selfsame but trifluoromethyl on position 2 of the phenothiazine Phenothiazine, abbreviated PTZ, is an organic compound that has the formula S(C6H4)2NH and is related to the thiazine-class of heterocyclic compou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diborane
Diborane(6), generally known as diborane, is the chemical compound with the formula B2H6. It is a toxic, colorless, and pyrophoric gas with a repulsively sweet odor. Diborane is a key boron compound with a variety of applications. It has attracted wide attention for its electronic structure. Several of its derivatives are useful reagents. Structure and bonding The structure of diborane has D2h symmetry. Four hydrides are terminal, while two bridge between the boron centers. The lengths of the B–Hbridge bonds and the B–Hterminal bonds are 1.33 and 1.19 Å respectively. This difference in bond lengths reflects the difference in their strengths, the B–Hbridge bonds being relatively weaker. The weakness of the B–Hbridge compared to B–Hterminal bonds is indicated by their vibrational signatures in the infrared spectrum, being ≈2100 and 2500 cm−1 respectively. The model determined by molecular orbital theory describes the bonds between boron and the termina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1-methylpiperazine
''N''-Methylpiperazine is a heterocyclic organic compound. Uses ''N''-Methylpiperazine is a common building block used in organic synthesis. For example, ''N''-methylpiperazine is used in the manufacture of various pharmaceutical drugs including cyclizine, meclizine, and sildenafil. The lithium salt, lithium ''N''-methylpiperazide, is used as a reagent in organic synthesis for protection of aryl aldehydes. Synthesis Industrially, ''N''-methylpiperazine is produced by reacting diethanolamine and methylamine Methylamine is an organic compound with a formula of . This colorless gas is a derivative of ammonia, but with one hydrogen atom being replaced by a methyl group. It is the simplest primary amine. Methylamine is sold as a solution in methanol, ... at 250 bar and 200 °C. References {{reflist Piperazines ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quality Of Life
Quality of life (QOL) is defined by the World Health Organization as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns". Standard indicators of the quality of life include wealth, employment, the environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time, social belonging, religious beliefs, safety, security and freedom. QOL has a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international development, healthcare, politics and employment. Health related QOL (HRQOL) is an evaluation of QOL and its relationship with health. Engaged theory One approach, called engaged theory, outlined in the journal of ''Applied Research in the Quality of Life'', posits four domains in assessing quality of life: ecology, economics, politics and culture. In the domain of culture, for example, it includes the following subdomains of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
