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People's Vanguard Party (Costa Rica)
The People's Vanguard Party, or Popular Vanguard Party () is a communist party in Costa Rica. PVP was founded in 1931 as the Workers and Farmers Party, but was soon renamed to the Communist Party of Costa Rica (''Partido Comunista de Costa Rica''). From 1931 to 1947, the party published '' Trabajo'' as a communist newspaper. The PVP's current publication is ''El Popular''. History In 1943 the party was renamed as PVP, in order to facilitate its alliance with the Catholic Church and the government, whose reformist policies the party supported. In 1949 the party was banned. Its militants began working under the name 'Partido Acción Socialista Obrera'.Rouquié, Alain/Arnaud, Hélène. ''Les Forces politiques en Amérique centrale''. KARTHALA Editions, 1991. p. 39-40 In the mid-1960s the U.S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 300.Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H.. Communism and Economic Development', in The American Political Science Review ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communism
Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange which allocates products to everyone in the society.: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption." Communist society also involves the absence of private property, social classes, money, and the state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance, but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a more libertarian approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a constitutional socialist st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1944 Costa Rican General Election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 13 February 1944.Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 Teodoro Picado Michalski of the Victory Bloc won the presidential election with 75% of the vote. Voter turnout was 43%.Nohlen, p156 Background Being deputy and president of the Congress, Teodoro Picado Michalski was officially invested as presidential candidate of the National Republican Party on May 2, 1942, two years before the elections. Having been elected deputy communist leader Manuel Mora in the mid-term elections of 1942, Mora was approached by businessman Jorge Hine (who was rumored as a possible candidate of the right-wing opposition in the next elections). Hine tried to enlist Mora in a coup d'état that the conservatives were plotting against Calderón, but Mora declined and the attack was never carried out nor did Hine appear as a candidate. Mora and the communist leadership, on the other hand, were in negotiations with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1982 Costa Rican General Election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 7 February 1982. Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 Luis Alberto Monge of the National Liberation Party won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 79%. Affected by a deep economic crisis and tensions with Somoza's Nicaragua due to Rodrigo Carazo's support of the FSLN, Carazo's government suffered from extremely low popularity. This naturally affected the Unity Coalition (Carazo's party) and its candidate Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier giving to PLN and its candidate trade union leader and farmer Luis Alberto Monge a landslide victory and the party's biggest parliamentary group in its history (33 deputies). Nevertheless, Unity remained as the second most voted party in the election as Calderón was able to attract the traditional and very loyal Calderonista vote. The crisis was also beneficial for the Left as it achieve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United People (Costa Rica)
United People ( es, Pueblo Unido) was a left-wing political alliance, registered as a political party, in Costa Rica. The alliance was founded ahead of the 1978 elections by the Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), the Costa Rican Socialist Party (PSC) and the Revolutionary Movement of the People (MRP), and won three seats. Nohlen, D (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p174 In 1982 it increased its representation to four seats. However, it was reduced to a single seat in the 1986 elections. It retained the seat in the 1990 elections, but lost its parliamentary representation in 1994 when it did not contest the elections. It returned in 1998 1998 was designated as the ''International Year of the Ocean''. Events January * January 6 – The ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon, and later finds evidence for frozen water, in soil in permanently s ..., but failed to win a seat. For the 2002 elections the alliance w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1978 Costa Rican General Election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 5 February 1978.Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p 155 Rodrigo Carazo Odio of the Unity Coalition won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 81%. Carazo, a former congressman and former member of the National Liberation Party (probably Costa Rica's main political force), left the party several years before and created his own: Democratic Renovation, but a deeply split opposition on the 1974 election caused PLN's easy victory. With that in mind, main leaders of the non-Marxist opposition started talks in order to present a unified candidature. Eventually these talks came through and the main parties in the opposition at the right of the government achieved an agreement; going into a primary election to choose the common nominee. Rodrigo Carazo faced wealthy industrial Miguel Barzuna winning by small margin. Even when some leaders ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1974 Costa Rican General Election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 3 February 1974.Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 Daniel Oduber Quirós of the National Liberation Party won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 80%.Nohlen, p157 The Left was theoretically outlawed as the Constitution didn't allow the existence of Marxist parties, but the prohibition was not endorsed in practice by that time and even was lifted with a Constitutional reform for the next election. Campaign The government was affected in its popularity by the “Vesco Case” a corruption case involving then president José Figueres and his dubious connections with international criminal Robert Vesco, which caused heat for ruling party's candidate Daniel Oduber. Rodrigo Carazo, a former member of PLN and Congressman run as an independent candidate. Carazo had problems with Figueres when they both face each other in a primary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1970 Costa Rican General Election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 1 February 1970.Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 Former President José Figueres Ferrer of the National Liberation Party won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 83%.Nohlen, p156 On 25 June 1969, the Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica reformed the Constitution to prohibit presidential reelection, but as any legal reform was retroactive, all previous presidents could be candidates one more time. Two former presidents José Figueres Ferrer and Mario Echandi Jiménez were the two main candidates in the election. Echandi was nominated by then ruling party National Unification (PUN), a right-wing conservative party made out of the merger of the Republicans (Calderonistas) and the National Union ( Ulatistas). However, the union was starting to break and Ulate unsuccessfully presented a separate list of Unification candidates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1966 Costa Rican General Election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 6 February 1966.Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 José Joaquín Trejos Fernández of the National Unification Party won the presidential election, whilst the National Liberation Party won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 81%.Nohlen, p156 These were very divisive elections as they had only two candidates. On one hand the government party PLN nominated the Minister of Foreign Affairs Daniel Oduber Quirós, whilst all the right-wing opposition joined forces and former enemies Rafael Calderón and his National Republican Party (Social Christian) merged with Otilio Ulate’s National Union (Liberal-Conservative) in the National Unification Party. Calderón and Ulate were enemies during the 1948 Civil War but put aside their differences and they agree that none of them will be candidate. The National Unification Party look forward a “neutral” candidate that could uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1962 Costa Rican General Election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 4 February 1962.Nohlen, D (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich of the National Liberation Party won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 80.9%.Nohlen, p156 Background During Mario Echandi's presidency Rafael Angel Calderón, his family and supporters in exile, were allowed to return and a general amnesty was called for everyone involved in the still recent Civil War of 1948. Calderón was elected Congressman in the 1958 election. But meanwhile in the past election the National Liberation Party was split due to the separation of the “ Rossist” faction in this election Calderon's candidacy unified PLN and other political allies into a strong anti-Calderonist ballot. Both former presidents Otilio Ulate from National Union and Calderón himself from National Republican became candidates. PLN's candidate wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1958 Costa Rican General Election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 2 February 1958.Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 Mario Echandi Jiménez of the National Union Party won the presidential election, whilst the National Liberation Party won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 64.7%.Nohlen, p156 Echandi was the only deputy for the National Union Party fraction for the 1953-1958 period, and he was in open opposition to the National Liberation Party (PLN) legislative fraction and the executive power presidency of Figueres Ferrer, also of PLN. During the tense invasion of 1955 when former president Rafael Angel Calderon's supporters and their international allies tried to invade Costa Rica's territory and were successfully repelled by Figueres Ferrer’ government, Echandi was accused of been Calderonista and been offered an office as minister from Calderón. Echandi denied it but was put under investigation by the Legislative Assembly. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1953 Costa Rican General Election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 26 July 1953,Nohlen, D (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 José Figueres Ferrer of the National Liberation Party won the presidential election, whilst his party also won the parliamentary election. Voter turnout was 67.2 percent in the presidential election and 67.5 percent in the parliamentary election. Local elections were also held. This was Costa Rica's first election since the end of the 1948 Civil War, and democratic guarantees were not fully restored. José Figueres, the caudillo of the victorious National Liberation Army faction in the Civil War, was the candidate of the newly founded National Liberation Party (PLN). Liberal Mario Echandi tried to be the candidate from then-ruling National Union Party (PUN), but his candidacy was denied by the Electoral Tribunal due to purported irregularities in the adherents' signatures. This move was highly criticized by Figueres' opponents as an acti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia
Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (March 8, 1900 – June 9, 1970) was a Costa Rican medical doctor and politician, who served as President from 1940 to 1944. Early life Rafael Angel Calderón Guardia was born on 8 March 1900 in San José. In his youth, Calderón Guardia studied in Costa Rica, France and Belgium, where he married Yvonne Clays Spoelders, who was later to be the first female diplomat of Costa Rica. After finishing his studies in Belgium, Calderón Guardia became a medical doctor and practicing surgeon, which he would remain for most of his life, even after serving as president. He became the Municipal President of San Jose at the age of 30 and in 1934 he won a seat in congress as a member of the Republican Party before being backed as a presidential candidate by then President Leon Cortes Castro in 1940. Presidency In 1940, with the support of conservative coffee elites, Calderón was elected President of Costa Rica. Shortly after becoming president-elect, he met ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
